Biomolecules - DSA

Question 1

Describe Starch

Answer 1

Nutritional resorvoir of carbs in plants

Question 2

Sucrose

Answer 2

• Glucose + Fructose

- alpha 1, beta 2 bond

Question 3

Lactose’s component monosacharides are ___ & ___

Answer 3

Glucose and Galactose

Question 4

Blood Glucose Values for a Normal Person Are:

Answer 4

• 70 - 100 mg/dL fasting

- = 140 mg/dL fed

Question 5

Blood glucose values for a hypoglycemia would be:

Answer 5

• less than or equal to 60 mg/dL (hunger, sweating, trembling)

Question 6

Blood glucose values for a diabetic would be:

Answer 6

• > /= 126 mg/dL fasting

- >/= 199 mg/dL fed

Question 7

What are the 5 modified monosacharrides?

Answer 7

1. Deoxyaldose - DNA
2. Acetylated amino sugars - cell signaling/ adhesion
3. Acidic sugars - ECM
4. Sugar esters - found in oligodendrocytes
5. Sugar alcohols - food additives, uncontrolled diabetes

Question 8

Lactose

Answer 8

• Galactose + Glucose

- Beta 1->4 bond

Question 9

Maltose

Answer 9

• Glucose + Glucose

- alpha 1->4 bond

Question 10

Amylose

Answer 10

• food storage in plants

- alpha (1-4) linkage

Question 11

Amylopectin

Answer 11

• food storage in plants

- alpha(1-4) & alpha (1-6) linkage

Question 12

Fatty Acids

Answer 12

• long unbranched hydrocarbon chain

- can be saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated

Question 13

What are Omega 3 fatty acids and Omega 6 fatty acids?

Answer 13

• 3 and 6 denote carbon location on double bond from terminal carbon
• linolenic acid is common omega 3
• linoleic acid is common omega 6
• need to be obtained through diet

Question 14

What are the lipid soluble vitamins and their deficiencies?

Answer 14

• A: Xeropthalmia ( night blindness )
• D: Ricketts
• E: Muscular Dystrophy
• K: Hemorrhagic anemia of newborn, defective coagulation

Question 15

Isoprenoids

Answer 15

• Organic compounds composed of two or more units of hydrocarbons. Derived from five carbon isoprene units. Synthesized from acetyl CoA.

Question 16

Cholesterol

Answer 16

• Steroid Hormones
• bile acids
• vitamin D

Question 17

What causes gallstones?

Answer 17

Too much cholesterol and not enough bile salts lead to galltone accumulation in gallbladder.

Question 18

What are the Essential Amino Acids?

Answer 18

• PVT TIM HaLL

- phenylalanine, valine, threonin, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, lysine.

Question 19

What are the basic amino acids?

Answer 19

Histidine, Arginine, Leucine

HAL - 9000

Question 20

Acidic Amino Acids

Answer 20

Aspartate, glutamate

Question 21

Amino Acid Structure

Answer 21

• Primary: amino acid sequence. Held together by peptide bonds between n terminus and c terminus
• secondary: a-helix or b-sheet. Hydrogen bonds.
• tertiary: hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonding.
• quarternary: multiple protein subunits. Hydrophobic interactions, salt bridges

Question 22

Describe Protein turnover

Answer 22

• average 155 lb person consumes 100g of protein a day.
• protein is hydrolyzed to component amino acids in stomach
• aprox. 400g of protein is degraded per day in tissue
• ~ 400g protein per day is synthesized in body daily
• nitrogen atoms in proteins are channeled to urea cycle. Excreted as urine or sweat.