Biomolecules - DSA Flashcards
Describe Starch
Nutritional resorvoir of carbs in plants
Sucrose
- Glucose + Fructose
- alpha 1, beta 2 bond
Lactose’s component monosacharides are ___ & ___
Glucose and Galactose
Blood Glucose Values for a Normal Person Are:
- 70 - 100 mg/dL fasting
- = 140 mg/dL fed
Blood glucose values for a hypoglycemia would be:
- less than or equal to 60 mg/dL (hunger, sweating, trembling)
Blood glucose values for a diabetic would be:
- > /= 126 mg/dL fasting
- >/= 199 mg/dL fed
What are the 5 modified monosacharrides?
- Deoxyaldose - DNA
- Acetylated amino sugars - cell signaling/ adhesion
- Acidic sugars - ECM
- Sugar esters - found in oligodendrocytes
- Sugar alcohols - food additives, uncontrolled diabetes
Lactose
- Galactose + Glucose
- Beta 1->4 bond
Maltose
- Glucose + Glucose
- alpha 1->4 bond
Amylose
- food storage in plants
- alpha (1-4) linkage
Amylopectin
- food storage in plants
- alpha(1-4) & alpha (1-6) linkage
Fatty Acids
- long unbranched hydrocarbon chain
- can be saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated
What are Omega 3 fatty acids and Omega 6 fatty acids?
- 3 and 6 denote carbon location on double bond from terminal carbon
- linolenic acid is common omega 3
- linoleic acid is common omega 6
- need to be obtained through diet
What are the lipid soluble vitamins and their deficiencies?
- A: Xeropthalmia ( night blindness )
- D: Ricketts
- E: Muscular Dystrophy
- K: Hemorrhagic anemia of newborn, defective coagulation
Isoprenoids
- Organic compounds composed of two or more units of hydrocarbons. Derived from five carbon isoprene units. Synthesized from acetyl CoA.
Cholesterol
- Steroid Hormones
- bile acids
- vitamin D
What causes gallstones?
Too much cholesterol and not enough bile salts lead to galltone accumulation in gallbladder.
What are the Essential Amino Acids?
- PVT TIM HaLL
- phenylalanine, valine, threonin, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, lysine.
What are the basic amino acids?
Histidine, Arginine, Leucine
HAL - 9000
Acidic Amino Acids
Aspartate, glutamate
Amino Acid Structure
- Primary: amino acid sequence. Held together by peptide bonds between n terminus and c terminus
- secondary: a-helix or b-sheet. Hydrogen bonds.
- tertiary: hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonding.
- quarternary: multiple protein subunits. Hydrophobic interactions, salt bridges
Describe Protein turnover
- average 155 lb person consumes 100g of protein a day.
- protein is hydrolyzed to component amino acids in stomach
- aprox. 400g of protein is degraded per day in tissue
- ~ 400g protein per day is synthesized in body daily
- nitrogen atoms in proteins are channeled to urea cycle. Excreted as urine or sweat.
