Biomolecules

Question 1

Dietary Carbohydrates (4)

Answer 1

Starch, Sucrose, Dietary Fiber, Lactose.

Question 2

Starch

Answer 2

Polysaccharide of glucose.

Question 3

Sucrose

Answer 3

Disaccharide of glucose and fructose (a-1, b-2 bond).

Question 4

Lactose

Answer 4

Disaccharide of glucose and galactose (b 1 to 4 bond)

Question 5

Lactose Intolerance

Answer 5

Pt. does not have lactase to break lactose into glu and gal, leading to bacterial fermentation.

Question 6

Blood Glucose Levels

Answer 6

Normal: 70-100 mg/dL (fasting), <140 mg/dL (fed)
Hypoglycemic: <60 mg/dL
DM: >126 mg/dL (fasting), >199 mg/dL (fed)
<40 mg/dL: coma, brain damage, death

Question 7

Common Disaccharides

Answer 7

Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose

Question 8

Oligosaccharides

Answer 8

Glycolipids and glycoproteins.

Question 9

Polysaccharides

Answer 9

Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose.

Question 10

Modified Monosaccharides (5)

Answer 10

Deoxyaldose, Acetylated Amino Sugars, Acidic Sugars, Sugar Esters, Sugar Alcohols.

Question 11

Deoxyaldose

Answer 11

Component of DNA.

Question 12

Acetylated Amino Sugars

Answer 12

Component of glycoproteins and glycolipids.

Question 13

Acidic Sugars

Answer 13

Present in CM and ECM.

Question 14

Sugar Esters

Answer 14

Constitute the gangiosides in oligodendrocytes of the NS.

Question 15

Sugar Alcohols

Answer 15

Food additives (ex: mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol).

Question 16

More on Sugar Alcohols (3)

Answer 16

Fewer cals per gram, not as readily absorbed, do not contribute to tooth decay.

Question 17

Maltose

Answer 17

Glucose and glucose (a 1-4 bond)

Question 18

Amylose

Answer 18

Unbranched with a 1-4 linkages.

Question 19

Amylopectin

Answer 19

Branched (12-20 glu) with a 1-4 linkages and a 1-6 linkages.

Question 20

Cellulose

Answer 20

Unbranched with b 1-4 linkages of b-glucose.

Question 21

Glycogen

Answer 21

Highly branched (6-10 glu) a 1-4 and a 1-6 linkages.

Question 22

Isoprenoids

Answer 22

Synthesized from acetyl CoA.

Can be condensed to make cholesterol, vitamins and coenzyme Q.

Question 23

Cholesterol

Answer 23

Precursor of steroid hormones, bile acids and vitamin D.

Question 24

Three Functions of Proteins

Answer 24

Energy, Structure, Activity (enzymes, signaling, transport).

Question 25

Mechanism of Gallstones

Answer 25

From nonideal bile, which includes too much cholesterol and not enough bile salts. This causes gallstones to form and can lead to malabsorption and fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies if continued.

Question 26

Treatment of Gallstones

Answer 26

Oral chenodeoxycholic acid.