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BIOLOGY > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Molecules that exist in all living things

A

Organic Molecules

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2
Q

Four categories of Org. Molec.

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

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3
Q

Another name for biomolecules

A

Biogenic substances

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4
Q

4 characteristics of biomolecules

A
  1. C-based
  2. Made of monomers (to make polymers)
  3. Made of only one type of monomer
  4. Form determines function
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5
Q

Building blocks of carbohydrates

A

Sugars

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6
Q

Building blocks of lipids

A

Glycerol and Fatty acids

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7
Q

Building blocks of proteins

A

Amino acids

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8
Q

Building blocks of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

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9
Q

Bond/s between carbohydrates

A

Glycosidic

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10
Q

Bond/s between lipids

A

Ester

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11
Q

Bond/s between proteins

A

Peptide

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12
Q

Bond/s between Nucleic Acids

A
  1. Phosphodiester - phosphate and pentose sugars

2. Hydrogen - nitrogenous bases

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13
Q

Repeating units in biomolecules

A

Monomers

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14
Q

Number of monomers in dimer

A

2

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15
Q

monomers in oligomer

A

3-10

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16
Q

Determines behavior and reactivity of biomolecules

A

Shape

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17
Q

Most common org. Molec.

A

Carbohydrates

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18
Q

Ratio of C:H:O in Carbohydrates

A

1:2:1

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19
Q

Carbohydrate formula

A

(CH2O) n

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20
Q

Basis of Carbohydrate classifications

A

Chain length

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21
Q

Simple sugars

A

Monosaccharides

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22
Q

Suffix of monosaccharides

A

-ose

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23
Q

What do monosaccharides consist of

A

Carbon rings

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24
Q

Functional group in monosaccharides

A

Carboxyl Group

Aldehyde @end & Ketone @ middle

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25
Q

Basis of naming of monosaccharides

A

of Carbons in backbone

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26
Q

Kinds of Disaccharides

A

Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose

(LMS)

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27
Q

Lactose =

A

Glucose + Galactose

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28
Q

Sucrose =

A

Glucose + Fructose

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29
Q

Maltose =

A

Glucose + Glucose

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30
Q

Functions of Polysaccharides

A
  1. Short-term energy storage

2. Structural Components

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31
Q

Polysaccharide Short term energy storage (enumerate)

A

Starch

Glycogen

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32
Q

Starch (Plant or Animal)

A

Plant

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33
Q

Starch contains….

A

Amylose and amylopectin

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34
Q

Amylose (branched/unbranched)

A

Unbranched

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35
Q

Amylopectin (branched/unbranched)

A

Branched

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36
Q

Glycogen (Plants or Animals)

A

Animals

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37
Q

Glycogen is abundant in what cells

A

Liver & muscle

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38
Q

Is glycogen branched or unbranched

A

Branched

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39
Q

If blood sugar levels are low, what does glycogen do?

A

Break down to glucose

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40
Q

Cellulose (plant/animal)

A

Plant

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41
Q

Chitin (plant/animal)

A

Animal

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42
Q

Most abundant bipolymer

A

Cellulose

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43
Q

Cellulose is found in…

A

Cell walls and wood

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44
Q

Cellulose is indigestible for humans because we lack the enzyme…

A

Cellulase

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45
Q

Chitin is found in…

A

Anthropod skeletons

Fungal cell walls

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46
Q

Repeating units of chitin

A

N-acetyl- beta- d-glucosamine

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47
Q

Benefits of carbohydrates

A
  1. Short term energy storage

2. Soluble and insoluble elements (ex. Fiber)

48
Q

1g carbohydrate = n kcal

A

n= 4.3kcal

49
Q

Fiber functions

A
  1. Removes cholesterol

2. Speeds up bowel movement

50
Q

Lipid polarity

A

Non-polar

51
Q

Lipids have (higher/lower) numbers of C, H, O

A

Lower

52
Q

Functions of Lipids

A
  1. Long-term energy storage
  2. Insulation
  3. Protection and Waterproofing
  4. Structural Components
53
Q
  1. Long-term energy storage
A

Fats & oils

54
Q
  1. Insulation
A

Blubber

55
Q
  1. Protection and Waterproofing
A

Waxes
Cell Membrane
Oils

56
Q
  1. Structural Components
A

Part of Cell membrane

57
Q

Fats and oils are known as …

A

Triglycerides

58
Q

Fats are from..

A

Animals

59
Q

Fats are ____ @ room temp

A

Solid

60
Q

Oils come from…

A

Plants

61
Q

Oils are ____ @ room temp

A

Liquid

62
Q

Triglyceride =

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains

63
Q

Kinds of fatty acid chains

A

Saturated and unsaturated

64
Q

Saturated have ____ chains

A

Straight

65
Q

Unsaturated have ____ chains

A

Crooked

66
Q

What are the fatty acid tails saturated/unsaturated with?

A

Hydrogen

67
Q

Which fatty acid has double bonds in C

A

Unsaturated

68
Q

Phospholipid =

A

Phosphate head + glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains

69
Q

Replaces 1 fatty acid chain in phospholipid

A

Phosphate head

70
Q

Another name for steroidz

A

Sterols

71
Q

Steroids are ____carbons

A

Hydrocarbons

72
Q

Steroids:

C arranged in (#) linked rings

A

4

73
Q

Essential components of cell membrane

A

Cholesterol

Phospholipids

74
Q

Cholesterol aids in the production of …

A

Sex hormones

75
Q

Sex hormones produced by cholesterol

A

Estrogen

Testosterone

76
Q

Waxes =

A

Long chain fatty acids + long chain alcohols

77
Q

Solid @ room temp & high Melting Point (MP)

A

Waxes

78
Q

Function of waxes

A

Protection

Prevention of Water loss

79
Q

Benefits of Lipids

A
  1. Essential Fatty Acids
  2. Fat-Soluble vitamins
  3. Long-term energy storage
80
Q

Essential fatty acids …

A

Cannot be synthesized by body

81
Q

Examples of essential fatty acids

A

Omega-3

Omega-6

82
Q 
Reduce risk of heart attacks
Reduce levels of triglyceride in blood
Lower BP
Prevent thrombosis
Prevent blood clotting
A

Benefits of Omega-3 & 6

83
Q

Elements involved in Proteins

A

C H O N S

84
Q

Kinds of Proteins

A

Functional & Structural

85
Q

Monomers of proteins

A

Amino acids

86
Q

Amino acid =

A

Amino group - C H - R group -Carboxyl Group

87
Q

Determines nature of amino acid

A

R group

88
Q

types of amino acids

A

20

89
Q

types essential amino acids

A

10

90
Q

Amino acids:

What determines shape, size & function?

A 
Sequence of amino acids
# of amino acids
91
Q

Polypeptide =

A

Amino acid—Amino acid—-Amino acid

—- : peptide bond

92
Q

As peptide bond forms, ____ is released

A

H2O / water

93
Q

Seq. of Amino acids w/i a polypeptide chain

A

Primary structure

94
Q

Involved in Secondary protein structure

A

Alpha-pleated and Beta-helix sheets

95
Q

Causes folding of Amino acid into alpha and beta sheets

A

H-bonds on backbone

96
Q

Causes 3D folding in tertiary structure

A

R-group interactions

97
Q

Components of Quaternary structure

A

Multiple polypeptide chains

98
Q

Protein used for: support

A

Collagen & keratin

99
Q

Protein used for: transport

A

Hemoglobin (in blood)

Transport proteins

100
Q

Protein used for: nutrition

A

Egg yolk

101
Q

Protein used for: hormones

A

Insulin

102
Q

Protein used for: defense

A

Antibodies

103
Q

Protein used for: movement

A

Contractile proteins

104
Q

Nucleic acid =

A

Pentose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group

105
Q

DNA nitrogenous bases

A

Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Thymine

(CGAT)

106
Q

RNA Nitrogenous bases

A

Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Uracil

(CGAU)

SIKAT SI GAWWWW (CGAT CGAU)

107
Q

Test for monosaccharides

A

Benedict’s Reagent

108
Q

Test for starch

A

Iodine

109
Q

Test for fats & oils

A

Denatured alcohol

Sudan red

110
Q

Test for proteins

A

Biuret Reagent

111
Q

Expected Result for benedict’s reagent

A

Blue&raquo_space; Green&raquo_space; Red Orange&raquo_space; Brick Red

112
Q

Expected Result for iodine

A

Bluish black

113
Q

Expected Result for denatured alcohol

A

Oil on top of “water”

Layer

114
Q

Expected Result for Sudan Red

A

Red oil droplets

115
Q

Expected Result for Biuret Reagent

A

Purple

BIOLOGY (6 decks)

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