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M1W1 lectures > biomolecules > Flashcards

biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 biomolecules?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
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2
Q

what are the 3 components of carbohydrates?

A
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
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3
Q

carbohydrates are polymers of ________.

A

monosaccharides

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4
Q

how many units make up a monosaccharide?

A

1

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5
Q

how many units make up a disaccharide?

A

2

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6
Q

how many units make up an oligosaccharide?

A

3-10

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7
Q

how many units make up a polysaccharide?

A

more than 10

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8
Q

list 3 types of monosaccharides

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • ribose
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9
Q

list 3 types of disaccharides

A
  • lactose
  • sucrose
  • maltose
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10
Q

list 3 types of polysaccharides

A
  • starch
  • cellulose
  • glycogen
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11
Q

which bond holds starch together?

A

⍺-1,4-glycosidic bond between C1 and C4

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12
Q

where are carbohydrates found in the body?

A
  • muscle
  • liver
  • blood
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13
Q

how are carbohydrates stored in the muscle and liver?

A

glycogen

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14
Q

how are carbohydrates stored in the blood?

A

blood glucose

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15
Q

what are the functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • energy/fuel
  • supply carbons for synthesis of cell components (e.g. DNA, RNA)
  • form structural components of cells (e.g. glycoproteins, glycolipids)
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16
Q

how is glucose used as fuel for the body and what process allows this?

A

ATP generation via cellular respiration

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17
Q

how is glycogen used as fuel for the body and what process allows this?

A

makes glucose via gluconeogenesis

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18
Q

starch is a polymer of ___________.

A

100s of glucose monomers

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19
Q

what is the main form of starch?

A

amylose

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20
Q

what is the function of starch?

A

storage form of excess glucose in plants

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21
Q

gkycogen is a polymer of __________, and has a __________ structure.

A

100s of glucose monomers; branched

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22
Q

which bond holds together glycogen and gives it the branched structure?

A

⍺-1,6-glycosidic bond

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23
Q

what is the function of glycogen?

A

storage form of glucose in mammals

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24
Q

cellulose is a polymer of ___________.

A

1000s of glucose monomers

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25
Q

what is the function of cellulose?

A

major structural component of plants

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26
Q

which bond holds together cellulose?

A

beta 1,4 glycosidic bond

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27
Q

what is the difference between cellulose and starch?

A
  • starch is made up of ⍺-1,4-glycosidic bonds
  • cellulose is made up of beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds
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28
Q

what are the roles of lipids?

A
  • energy source
  • membrane structure
  • animal insulation
  • hormone synthesis
  • vitamin synthesis
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29
Q

what are the 4 main types of lipids?

A
  • triacylglycerols (TAG) aka triglycerides
  • phospholipids
  • sterols
  • glycolipids
30
Q

what is the main form of lipid found in the body and the diet?

A

triacylglycerols

31
Q

what are the building blocks of triacylglycerols?

A
  • 3 fatty acid chains
  • glycerol backbone
32
Q

what is the structure of a fatty acid?

A
  • long hydrocarbon chain
  • carboxylic acid
  • methyl group
33
Q

what is an amphipathic molecule?

A

a molecule with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains

34
Q

what are the 3 structural factors that determine whether a compound is a solid or liquid?

A
  • HC chain length (long = higher MP; short = lower MP)
  • degree of saturation (more unsaturated = lower MP)
  • shape (more ‘kinks’ = lower MP)
35
Q

what is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

a fatty acid with one or more double bonds

36
Q

what is a saturated fatty acid?

A

a fatty acid with no double bonds

37
Q

saturated fatty acids are more likely to have a _______ melting point and tend to be more _______.

A

higher; solid

38
Q

unsaturated fatty acids have a _______ melting point and tend to be more ______.

A

lower; liquid

39
Q

what is a nonessential fatty acid?

A

a fatty acid that the body can synthesize from the diet

40
Q

what is an essential fatty acid?

A

a fatty acid that cannot be synthesized in the body and is required from the diet

41
Q

what is the structure of a phospholipid?

A
  • 2 fatty acids
  • modified phosphate group
  • glycerol backbone
42
Q

which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?

A

lipid tail

43
Q

which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?

A

phosphate head

44
Q

what is the function of a phospholipid?

A

to create a a cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)

45
Q

what happens to phospholipids in an aqueous environment?

A

spontaneously form a bilayer

46
Q

what are the 3 important phospholipids?

A
  • phosphatidyl choline
  • phosphatidyl serine
  • phosphatidyl inositol
47
Q

which phospholipids are involved in cell signaling?

A
  • phosphatidyl choline
  • phosphatidyl serine
48
Q

which phospholipid is involved in apoptosis?

A

phosphatidyl inositol

49
Q

what is the least common type of lipid?

A

sterols

50
Q

what is the most common sterol?

A

cholesterol

51
Q

what are the functions of cholesterol?

A
  • structural component of the cell membrane
  • sex hormone synthesis
  • vitamin D synthesis
  • bile salt synthesis
52
Q

what is the structure of a glycolipid?

A

lipid with attached carbohydrate group

53
Q

what are the functions of a glycolipid?

A
  • cell protection
  • immunity to infection
  • transplant compatibility
  • cell adhesion
54
Q

what are the elemental components of a protein?

A
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
  • nitrogen
55
Q

what differentiates protein from the rest of the macronutrients?

A

it contains nitrogen

56
Q

what are proteins composed of?

A

amino acids

57
Q

what are the 5 elements that make up amino acids?

A
  • central carbon atom (C)
  • side chain (R)
  • hydrogen (H)
  • nitrogen containing amino group (NH2)
  • carboxylic acid group (COOH)
58
Q

which bond connects amino acids?

A

peptide bonds between carboxyl group and amine group

59
Q

what is the sequence of a polypeptide backbone?

A

N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-N …

60
Q

what can proteins function as?

A
  • enzymes
  • hormones
  • receptors
61
Q

in which biological processes does protein play a role?

A
  • cell structure
  • immune system
  • transport
  • synthesis of other molecules
62
Q

what are the 3 basic components of a nucleotide?

A
  • phosphate group
  • 5 carbon sugar molecule
  • base
63
Q

what are the 5 carbon sugars in a nucleotide?

A
  • deoxyribose (DNA)
  • ribose (RNA)
64
Q

what are the types of bases in a nucleotide?

A
  • purines
  • pyrimidines
65
Q

list the purines

A
  • adenine (A)
  • guanine (G)
66
Q

list the pyrimidines

A
  • cytosine (C)
  • thymine (T)
  • uracil (U)
67
Q

which pyrimidine is used only in DNA?

A

thymine (T)

68
Q

which pyrimidine is used only in RNA?

A

uracil (U)

69
Q

which bond connects nucleotides?

A

phosphodiester bonds between C5 of one nucleotide and the OH group at C3 of another

70
Q

which bond is a result of complementary base pairing?

A

hydrogen bonds

71
Q

which base pair has the strongest bond in DNA?

A

guanine and cytosine have 3 bonds

M1W1 lectures (6 decks)

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