biomolecules

Question 1

what are the 4 biomolecules?

Answer 1

• carbohydrates
• lipids
• proteins
• nucleic acids

Question 2

what are the 3 components of carbohydrates?

Answer 2

• carbon
• hydrogen
• oxygen

Question 3

carbohydrates are polymers of ________.

Answer 3

monosaccharides

Question 4

how many units make up a monosaccharide?

Answer 4

1

Question 5

how many units make up a disaccharide?

Answer 5

2

Question 6

how many units make up an oligosaccharide?

Answer 6

3-10

Question 7

how many units make up a polysaccharide?

Answer 7

more than 10

Question 8

list 3 types of monosaccharides

Answer 8

• glucose
• fructose
• ribose

Question 9

list 3 types of disaccharides

Answer 9

• lactose
• sucrose
• maltose

Question 10

list 3 types of polysaccharides

Answer 10

• starch
• cellulose
• glycogen

Question 11

which bond holds starch together?

Answer 11

⍺-1,4-glycosidic bond between C1 and C4

Question 12

where are carbohydrates found in the body?

Answer 12

• muscle
• liver
• blood

Question 13

how are carbohydrates stored in the muscle and liver?

Answer 13

glycogen

Question 14

how are carbohydrates stored in the blood?

Answer 14

blood glucose

Question 15

what are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 15

• energy/fuel
• supply carbons for synthesis of cell components (e.g. DNA, RNA)
• form structural components of cells (e.g. glycoproteins, glycolipids)

Question 16

how is glucose used as fuel for the body and what process allows this?

Answer 16

ATP generation via cellular respiration

Question 17

how is glycogen used as fuel for the body and what process allows this?

Answer 17

makes glucose via gluconeogenesis

Question 18

starch is a polymer of ___________.

Answer 18

100s of glucose monomers

Question 19

what is the main form of starch?

Answer 19

amylose

Question 20

what is the function of starch?

Answer 20

storage form of excess glucose in plants

Question 21

gkycogen is a polymer of __________, and has a __________ structure.

Answer 21

100s of glucose monomers; branched

Question 22

which bond holds together glycogen and gives it the branched structure?

Answer 22

⍺-1,6-glycosidic bond

Question 23

what is the function of glycogen?

Answer 23

storage form of glucose in mammals

Question 24

cellulose is a polymer of ___________.

Answer 24

1000s of glucose monomers

Question 25

what is the function of cellulose?

Answer 25

major structural component of plants

Question 26

which bond holds together cellulose?

Answer 26

beta 1,4 glycosidic bond

Question 27

what is the difference between cellulose and starch?

Answer 27

- starch is made up of ⍺-1,4-glycosidic bonds - cellulose is made up of beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds

Question 28

what are the roles of lipids?

Answer 28

- energy source - membrane structure - animal insulation - hormone synthesis - vitamin synthesis

Question 29

what are the 4 main types of lipids?

Answer 29

- triacylglycerols (TAG) aka triglycerides - phospholipids - sterols - glycolipids

Question 30

what is the main form of lipid found in the body and the diet?

Answer 30

triacylglycerols

Question 31

what are the building blocks of triacylglycerols?

Answer 31

- 3 fatty acid chains - glycerol backbone

Question 32

what is the structure of a fatty acid?

Answer 32

- long hydrocarbon chain - carboxylic acid - methyl group

Question 33

what is an amphipathic molecule?

Answer 33

a molecule with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains

Question 34

what are the 3 structural factors that determine whether a compound is a solid or liquid?

Answer 34

- HC chain length (long = higher MP; short = lower MP) - degree of saturation (more unsaturated = lower MP) - shape (more 'kinks' = lower MP)

Question 35

what is an unsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 35

a fatty acid with one or more double bonds

Question 36

what is a saturated fatty acid?

Answer 36

a fatty acid with no double bonds

Question 37

saturated fatty acids are more likely to have a _______ melting point and tend to be more _______.

Answer 37

higher; solid

Question 38

unsaturated fatty acids have a _______ melting point and tend to be more ______.

Answer 38

lower; liquid

Question 39

what is a nonessential fatty acid?

Answer 39

a fatty acid that the body can synthesize from the diet

Question 40

what is an essential fatty acid?

Answer 40

a fatty acid that cannot be synthesized in the body and is required from the diet

Question 41

what is the structure of a phospholipid?

Answer 41

- 2 fatty acids - modified phosphate group - glycerol backbone

Question 42

which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?

Answer 42

lipid tail

Question 43

which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?

Answer 43

phosphate head

Question 44

what is the function of a phospholipid?

Answer 44

to create a a cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)

Question 45

what happens to phospholipids in an aqueous environment?

Answer 45

spontaneously form a bilayer

Question 46

what are the 3 important phospholipids?

Answer 46

- phosphatidyl choline - phosphatidyl serine - phosphatidyl inositol

Question 47

which phospholipids are involved in cell signaling?

Answer 47

- phosphatidyl choline - phosphatidyl serine

Question 48

which phospholipid is involved in apoptosis?

Answer 48

phosphatidyl inositol

Question 49

what is the least common type of lipid?

Answer 49

sterols

Question 50

what is the most common sterol?

Answer 50

cholesterol

Question 51

what are the functions of cholesterol?

Answer 51

- structural component of the cell membrane - sex hormone synthesis - vitamin D synthesis - bile salt synthesis

Question 52

what is the structure of a glycolipid?

Answer 52

lipid with attached carbohydrate group

Question 53

what are the functions of a glycolipid?

Answer 53

- cell protection - immunity to infection - transplant compatibility - cell adhesion

Question 54

what are the elemental components of a protein?

Answer 54

- carbon - hydrogen - oxygen - nitrogen

Question 55

what differentiates protein from the rest of the macronutrients?

Answer 55

it contains nitrogen

Question 56

what are proteins composed of?

Answer 56

amino acids

Question 57

what are the 5 elements that make up amino acids?

Answer 57

- central carbon atom (C) - side chain (R) - hydrogen (H) - nitrogen containing amino group (NH2) - carboxylic acid group (COOH)

Question 58

which bond connects amino acids?

Answer 58

peptide bonds between carboxyl group and amine group

Question 59

what is the sequence of a polypeptide backbone?

Answer 59

N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-N ...

Question 60

what can proteins function as?

Answer 60

- enzymes - hormones - receptors

Question 61

in which biological processes does protein play a role?

Answer 61

- cell structure - immune system - transport - synthesis of other molecules

Question 62

what are the 3 basic components of a nucleotide?

Answer 62

- phosphate group - 5 carbon sugar molecule - base

Question 63

what are the 5 carbon sugars in a nucleotide?

Answer 63

- deoxyribose (DNA) - ribose (RNA)

Question 64

what are the types of bases in a nucleotide?

Answer 64

- purines - pyrimidines

Question 65

list the purines

Answer 65

- adenine (A) - guanine (G)

Question 66

list the pyrimidines

Answer 66

- cytosine (C) - thymine (T) - uracil (U)

Question 67

which pyrimidine is used only in DNA?

Answer 67

thymine (T)

Question 68

which pyrimidine is used only in RNA?

Answer 68

uracil (U)

Question 69

which bond connects nucleotides?

Answer 69

phosphodiester bonds between C5 of one nucleotide and the OH group at C3 of another

Question 70

which bond is a result of complementary base pairing?

Answer 70

hydrogen bonds

Question 71

which base pair has the strongest bond in DNA?

Answer 71

guanine and cytosine have 3 bonds