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M1W1 lectures > basic mammalian body plan > Flashcards

basic mammalian body plan Flashcards

1
Q

define anatomy and its etymology

A

the scientific study of the body and how its parts are arranged
- etymology: from Greek ana - up, and temno - literally translates to cutting up

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2
Q

define gross anatomy

A

the study of the body’s structures that are large enough to be seen withou magnification

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3
Q

define microscopic anatomy

A

a subdiscipline of anatomy that focuses on the study of cells and tissues at a microscopic level

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4
Q

define functional anatomy

A

the study of how the body’s structures work together to perform daily activities

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5
Q

define developmental anatomy

A

the branch of anatomy that studies structural changes of an individual from fertilization to maturity

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6
Q

define systemic anatomy

A

the study of the body’s structures based on specific organ systems (circulatory, nervous, digestive) to understand their functions and interrelationships

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7
Q

define systematic anatomy

A

the study of the body’s systems, or group of structures that work together to perform a specific function

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8
Q

define regional/topographic anatomy

A

the study of anatomy based on regions or divisions of the body and emphasizing the relations between various structures (muscles, nerves, arteries, etc.) in that region

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9
Q

list some reasons why we study anatomy

A
  • gives us a solid foundation in science
  • understand normal tissue to understand pathology
  • has a direct application in surgery, imaging, clinical examination, administraion of treatments, etc.
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10
Q

list some important details in directional terminology

is it affected by anything? which POV? etc.

A
  • it’s always constant, not affected by posture or position
  • terms are arranged in opposing pairs
  • seen from the animal’s POV
  • the positions are relative not absolute (describes one body part in relation to another)
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11
Q

define dorsal

A

towards the dorsum (back) or corresponding surfaces of head and tail

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12
Q

define ventral

A

towards the ventrum (belly) or corresponding surfaces of head and tail

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13
Q

define cranial

A

towards the cranium (head)

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14
Q

define caudal

A

towards the tail

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15
Q

what is the one exception to ventral/dorsal/cranial?

A

the head

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16
Q

define rostral. what area of the body does this describe?

A

towards the tip of the nose
- use this when discussing areas on the head (cranium)

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17
Q

list the limb specific terminology

A
  • proximal
  • distal
  • medial
  • lateral
  • axial
  • abaxial

forelimb (front leg):
- cranial and caudal (above the carpus -wrist)
- dorsal and palmar (below the carpus)

hindlimb (back leg):
- cranial and caudal (above the tarsus - ankle)
- dorsal and plantar (below the tarsus)

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18
Q

define proximal

A

towards the trunk (torso)

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19
Q

define distal

A

away from the trunk (torso)

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20
Q

define medial

A

towards the median plane (middle of the body)

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21
Q

define lateral

A

away from the median plane (away from the body)

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22
Q

define axial

A

close to the axis (of central digit/between the toes)

23
Q

define abaxial

A

away from the axis

24
Q

define cranial in relation to the forelimb and hindlimb

A

towards the head, above the carpus or tarsus

25
Q

define caudal in relation to the forelimb and hindlimb

A

towards the tail above the carpus or tarsus

26
Q

define dorsal in relation to the forelimb and hindlimb

A

towards the dorsum (back) below the carpus or tarsus

27
Q

define palmar

A

the caudal (bottom) surface of the manus (front paw, hoof, etc.) including the carpus
- used when discussing anatomy below the carpus

28
Q

define plantar

A

the caudal (bottom) surface of the pes (rear paw, hoof, etc.) including the carpus
- used when discussing anatomy below the tarsus

29
Q

what are the 3 planes that divide the body?

A
  • transverse plane
  • median (sagittal) plane (also long axis)
  • dorsal plane (also short axis)
30
Q

how does the sagittal plane cut through the body?

A

divides the body into left and right sides (cuts down the middle of the spinal column from head to tail - usually symmetric sides)
- median and lateral

31
Q

how does the dorsal plane cut through the body?

A

divides the body into upper and lower halves (cuts through the middle of the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities)
- dorsal and ventral

32
Q

how does the transverse plane cut through the body?

A

divides into front and back halves of the animal (cuts through the middle of the body - between head and tail)
- cranial, caudal, and rostral

33
Q

what is the function of the musculoskeletal (locomotor) system?

A
  • protection and support of body systems
  • movement
34
Q

what are the two parts of an animal’s skeleton?

A
  • axial skeleton
  • appendicular skeleton
35
Q

describe what the axial skeleton is and which body parts are included?

A

runs from the skull to the tip of the tail and includes the skull, vertebral column, and mandible
- pelvis is included
- tail included

axial skeleton is the defining feature of vertebrates

36
Q

describe what the appendicular skeleton is and which body parts are included?

A

the bones of the limbs (forelimb and hindlimb)
- pelvis is included
- tail not included

37
Q

what is the exception to the axial and appendicular skeletons?

A

the pelvis is considered as part of both the axial and appendicular skeletons

38
Q

what is the vertebral column?

A
  • made up of vertebrae
  • individual bones acting as a single functional unit
  • divided into 5 regions (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal/coccygeal)
39
Q

what are the 5 regions of the vertebral column/spine?

A

from cranial to caudal:
1. cervical
2. thoracic
3. lumbar
4. sacral
5. caudal/coccygeal

40
Q

what is the vertebral formula of a dog?

A
  • C7
  • T13
  • L7
  • S3
  • C - variable (depends on the length of the tail)
41
Q

list the bones of the forelimb

A

from distal to proximal:
- scapula
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
- carpal bones
- metacarpal bones
- phalanges

phalanges:
- proximal phalanx
- middle phalanx
- distal phalanx

42
Q

list the joints of the forelimb

A

from distal to proximal:
- shoulder
- elbow
- carpus (wrist)
- metacarpohalangeal/fetlock
- proximal interphalangeal
- distal interphalangeal

43
Q

list the bones of the hindlimb

A

from distal to proximal:
- pelvis
- femur
- tibia
- fibula
- tarsal bones
- metatarsal bones
- phalanges

phalanges:
- proximal phalanx
- middle phalanx
- distal phalanx

44
Q

list the joints in the hindlimb

A

from distal to proximal:
- sacroiliac
- hip
- stifle
- tarsus/hock
- metatarsophalangeal/fetlock
- proximal interphalangeal
- distal interphalangeal

fixed sacroiliac joint for propulsion from hindlimbs
pelvis functions as part of both axial and appendicular skeletons

45
Q

list the 3 body cavities in the trunk

A
  1. thoracic cavity
  2. abdominal cavity
  3. pelvic cavity

in order from most cranial to most caudal

46
Q

define the limits of the thoracic cavity

A
  • dorsal limit: thoracic region of the vertebral column
  • lateral limits: ribcage (ribs and associated structures)
  • ventral limit: sternum
  • crainal limit: thoracic inlet
  • caudal limit: diaphragm
47
Q

list the major systems within the thoracic cavity

A
  • cardiovascular system
  • respiratory system
  • digestive system
48
Q

what is the specific function of the thoracic wall?

thoracic wall = thoracic cavity

A

aids in respiration

49
Q

define the limits of the abdominal cavity

A
  • dorsal limit: lumbar region of the vertebral column
  • lateral and ventral limits: muscular abdominal wall
  • cranial limits: diaphragm
  • caudal limits: pelvic inlet
50
Q

list the major systems within the abdominal cavity

A
  • digestive system
  • urinary system
  • female reproductive system
51
Q

what is the specific function of the muscular abdominal wall?

A
  • allows expansion
  • aids in abdominal press (helps the diaphragm move forward)
52
Q

define the limits of the pelvic cavity

A
  • dorsal limit: sacral region of the vertebral column
  • cranial limit: pelvic inlet
  • caudal limits: pelvic diaphragm (muscles that form boundary) and perineum
  • lateral and ventral limits: bones of the pelvis
53
Q

list the major systems within the pelvic cavity

A
  • digestive system
  • urinary ssytem
  • female reproductive system
54
Q

what is the specific function of the pelvic diaphragm and perineum?

A

support external openings of these systems
- urethra
- anus

M1W1 lectures (6 decks)

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