basic mammalian body plan Flashcards
define anatomy and its etymology
the scientific study of the body and how its parts are arranged
- etymology: from Greek ana - up, and temno - literally translates to cutting up
define gross anatomy
the study of the body’s structures that are large enough to be seen withou magnification
define microscopic anatomy
a subdiscipline of anatomy that focuses on the study of cells and tissues at a microscopic level
define functional anatomy
the study of how the body’s structures work together to perform daily activities
define developmental anatomy
the branch of anatomy that studies structural changes of an individual from fertilization to maturity
define systemic anatomy
the study of the body’s structures based on specific organ systems (circulatory, nervous, digestive) to understand their functions and interrelationships
define systematic anatomy
the study of the body’s systems, or group of structures that work together to perform a specific function
define regional/topographic anatomy
the study of anatomy based on regions or divisions of the body and emphasizing the relations between various structures (muscles, nerves, arteries, etc.) in that region
list some reasons why we study anatomy
- gives us a solid foundation in science
- understand normal tissue to understand pathology
- has a direct application in surgery, imaging, clinical examination, administraion of treatments, etc.
list some important details in directional terminology
is it affected by anything? which POV? etc.
- it’s always constant, not affected by posture or position
- terms are arranged in opposing pairs
- seen from the animal’s POV
- the positions are relative not absolute (describes one body part in relation to another)
define dorsal
towards the dorsum (back) or corresponding surfaces of head and tail
define ventral
towards the ventrum (belly) or corresponding surfaces of head and tail
define cranial
towards the cranium (head)
define caudal
towards the tail
what is the one exception to ventral/dorsal/cranial?
the head
define rostral. what area of the body does this describe?
towards the tip of the nose
- use this when discussing areas on the head (cranium)
list the limb specific terminology
- proximal
- distal
- medial
- lateral
- axial
- abaxial
forelimb (front leg):
- cranial and caudal (above the carpus -wrist)
- dorsal and palmar (below the carpus)
hindlimb (back leg):
- cranial and caudal (above the tarsus - ankle)
- dorsal and plantar (below the tarsus)
define proximal
towards the trunk (torso)
define distal
away from the trunk (torso)
define medial
towards the median plane (middle of the body)
define lateral
away from the median plane (away from the body)
define axial
close to the axis (of central digit/between the toes)
define abaxial
away from the axis
define cranial in relation to the forelimb and hindlimb
towards the head, above the carpus or tarsus
define caudal in relation to the forelimb and hindlimb
towards the tail above the carpus or tarsus
define dorsal in relation to the forelimb and hindlimb
towards the dorsum (back) below the carpus or tarsus
define palmar
the caudal (bottom) surface of the manus (front paw, hoof, etc.) including the carpus
- used when discussing anatomy below the carpus
define plantar
the caudal (bottom) surface of the pes (rear paw, hoof, etc.) including the carpus
- used when discussing anatomy below the tarsus
what are the 3 planes that divide the body?
- transverse plane
- median (sagittal) plane (also long axis)
- dorsal plane (also short axis)
how does the sagittal plane cut through the body?
divides the body into left and right sides (cuts down the middle of the spinal column from head to tail - usually symmetric sides)
- median and lateral
how does the dorsal plane cut through the body?
divides the body into upper and lower halves (cuts through the middle of the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities)
- dorsal and ventral
how does the transverse plane cut through the body?
divides into front and back halves of the animal (cuts through the middle of the body - between head and tail)
- cranial, caudal, and rostral
what is the function of the musculoskeletal (locomotor) system?
- protection and support of body systems
- movement
what are the two parts of an animal’s skeleton?
- axial skeleton
- appendicular skeleton
describe what the axial skeleton is and which body parts are included?
runs from the skull to the tip of the tail and includes the skull, vertebral column, and mandible
- pelvis is included
- tail included
axial skeleton is the defining feature of vertebrates
describe what the appendicular skeleton is and which body parts are included?
the bones of the limbs (forelimb and hindlimb)
- pelvis is included
- tail not included
what is the exception to the axial and appendicular skeletons?
the pelvis is considered as part of both the axial and appendicular skeletons
what is the vertebral column?
- made up of vertebrae
- individual bones acting as a single functional unit
- divided into 5 regions (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal/coccygeal)
what are the 5 regions of the vertebral column/spine?
from cranial to caudal:
1. cervical
2. thoracic
3. lumbar
4. sacral
5. caudal/coccygeal
what is the vertebral formula of a dog?
- C7
- T13
- L7
- S3
- C - variable (depends on the length of the tail)
list the bones of the forelimb
from distal to proximal:
- scapula
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
- carpal bones
- metacarpal bones
- phalanges
phalanges:
- proximal phalanx
- middle phalanx
- distal phalanx
list the joints of the forelimb
from distal to proximal:
- shoulder
- elbow
- carpus (wrist)
- metacarpohalangeal/fetlock
- proximal interphalangeal
- distal interphalangeal
list the bones of the hindlimb
from distal to proximal:
- pelvis
- femur
- tibia
- fibula
- tarsal bones
- metatarsal bones
- phalanges
phalanges:
- proximal phalanx
- middle phalanx
- distal phalanx
list the joints in the hindlimb
from distal to proximal:
- sacroiliac
- hip
- stifle
- tarsus/hock
- metatarsophalangeal/fetlock
- proximal interphalangeal
- distal interphalangeal
fixed sacroiliac joint for propulsion from hindlimbs
pelvis functions as part of both axial and appendicular skeletons
list the 3 body cavities in the trunk
- thoracic cavity
- abdominal cavity
- pelvic cavity
in order from most cranial to most caudal
define the limits of the thoracic cavity
- dorsal limit: thoracic region of the vertebral column
- lateral limits: ribcage (ribs and associated structures)
- ventral limit: sternum
- crainal limit: thoracic inlet
- caudal limit: diaphragm
list the major systems within the thoracic cavity
- cardiovascular system
- respiratory system
- digestive system
what is the specific function of the thoracic wall?
thoracic wall = thoracic cavity
aids in respiration
define the limits of the abdominal cavity
- dorsal limit: lumbar region of the vertebral column
- lateral and ventral limits: muscular abdominal wall
- cranial limits: diaphragm
- caudal limits: pelvic inlet
list the major systems within the abdominal cavity
- digestive system
- urinary system
- female reproductive system
what is the specific function of the muscular abdominal wall?
- allows expansion
- aids in abdominal press (helps the diaphragm move forward)
define the limits of the pelvic cavity
- dorsal limit: sacral region of the vertebral column
- cranial limit: pelvic inlet
- caudal limits: pelvic diaphragm (muscles that form boundary) and perineum
- lateral and ventral limits: bones of the pelvis
list the major systems within the pelvic cavity
- digestive system
- urinary ssytem
- female reproductive system
what is the specific function of the pelvic diaphragm and perineum?
support external openings of these systems
- urethra
- anus
