Biomolecules

Question 1

nucleotide

Answer 1

Nucleotides are organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate. Bases of DNA

Question 2

DNA

Answer 2

• gives organism characteristics
• deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 3

RNA

Answer 3

riboneucleic acid

Question 4

amino acid

Answer 4

peptide of amino group, carboxyl group and R group

Question 5

protein

Answer 5

• groups of amino acids
• have codes to direct cells destination & function

Question 6

peptide bond

Answer 6

join amino acids between the carboxyl group of an amino acid and the amino group of another amino

Question 7

monosaccharide

Answer 7

• simple sugar: one sugar molecule
• glucose

Question 8

disaccharide

Answer 8

simple sugar: two sugar molecules

Question 9

polysaccharide

Answer 9

• chains of monosaccharides (many polymers)
• cellulose

Question 10

what are two characteristics of carbon that make it such a valuable element in living organisms?

Answer 10

• has high bonding capacity (needs 4 electrons)
• forms both single and double covalent bonds with other atoms

Question 11

What are functional groups and how are they important in biological organism?

Answer 11

• a group of atoms that participate directly in a chemical reaction
• give a molecule certain characteristics

Question 12

What is a monosaccharide used for in a living organism ?

Answer 12

• one sugar molecule
• is a monomer: building block for larger molecules (polymers)

Question 13

What is a polysaccharide used for in a living organism?

Answer 13

• many polymers
  1) forms the cell wall as if plant cells
  2) energy storage (starch/plants & glycogen/animals)

Question 14

Give examples of monosaccharides

Answer 14

one sugar molecule
6 C’s + 1 OH- = glucose

Question 15

Give examples of disaccharides

Answer 15

glucose + fructose= sucrose

Question 16

Give examples of polysaccharides

Answer 16

starch : plants
glycogen : animals

Question 17

Draw basic structure of a glyceride and triglyceride

Answer 17

• Glycerol “head”
• Fatty Acid “tail” (carbon binding spots filled with hydrogen)
• Triglycerides have 3 fatty acid tails

Question 18

What is the difference between saturated fat and unsaturated fat?

Answer 18

in unsaturated fats carbon binding spots are not filled with hydrogen and are liquid at room temperature

Question 19

What is trans fat?

Answer 19

artificially hydrogenating an unsaturated fat to be solid at room temperature

Question 20

What is a steroid? Give examples of steroid molecules

Answer 20

• type of lipid
• four carbon ring “skeleton” (side chains make each steroid unique)
• all NON-POLAR = hydrophobic
  ex: cortisol (any other is derived from cholesterol)

Question 21

What is the general structure of an amino acid ?

Answer 21

Amino Group + R group + Carboxyl Group

Question 22

What two functional groups do amino acids always contain?

Answer 22

Amino group and Carboxyl group

Question 23

what is a bond between two amino acids called?

Answer 23

Polypeptide

Question 24

What two function groups come together to form Polypeptides ?

Answer 24

• chains of aminos acids
• amino group and carboxyl group

Question 25

Primary Protein Structure

Answer 25

- peptide bonds turn to polypeptides (chains of amino acids)

Question 26

Secondary Protein Structure

Answer 26

Depending on primary structure, it will fold into either alpha helices or beta sheet - non functional

Question 27

Tertiary Protein Structure

Answer 27

a lot more folds and bonds between amino acids (secondary structure with connections)

Question 28

Quaternary Protein Structure

Answer 28

more than one tertiary structure connect to form a functional protein

Question 29

What levels of protein structure are considered functional?

Answer 29

Tertiary structure and Quaternary structure

Question 30

Why are protein structures so important for the function of the protein?

Answer 30

The structure of protein sets the foundation for interactions with other molecules and, therefore, determines its function.

Question 31

What happens when one amino acid is replaced by another through a mutation in human DNA

Answer 31

may alter the function of the protein (sickle cell anemia)

Question 32

What are three components of a nucleotide?

Answer 32

1) one or more phosphate group 2) deoxyribose or ribose 3) nitrogenous base

Question 33

What are the functions of nucleotides in biological organisms?

Answer 33

1) monomer of DNA 2) energy carriers of chemicals (ATP) and electron energy 3) assist in metabolic reactions

Question 34

What forms the backbone of nucleotides?

Answer 34

sugar phosphate backbone

Question 35

In DNA what kind of bond exists between the bases of two strands of DNA?

Answer 35

hydrogen bonds

Question 36

How are DNA and RNA similar to each other how are they different

Answer 36

- both are built with a sugar backbone, both nuclei acid nitrogenous bases - RNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded

Question 37

DNA nitrogenous bases (4)

Answer 37

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine

Question 38

RNA nitrogenous bases (4)

Answer 38

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil

Question 39

Basepairing in a DNA molecule is complementary. Therefore __________ bonds with ____________ and ________ bonds with_____________.

Answer 39

Adenine - Thymine Cytosine - Guanine

Question 40

metabolism

Answer 40

chemical processes in cells that change food to energy