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BIOL 100 (Lecture) > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

nucleotide

A

Nucleotides are organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate. Bases of DNA

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2
Q

DNA

A
  • gives organism characteristics
  • deoxyribonucleic acid
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3
Q

RNA

A

riboneucleic acid

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4
Q

amino acid

A

peptide of amino group, carboxyl group and R group

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5
Q

protein

A
  • groups of amino acids
  • have codes to direct cells destination & function
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6
Q

peptide bond

A

join amino acids between the carboxyl group of an amino acid and the amino group of another amino

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7
Q

monosaccharide

A
  • simple sugar: one sugar molecule
  • glucose
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8
Q

disaccharide

A

simple sugar: two sugar molecules

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9
Q

polysaccharide

A
  • chains of monosaccharides (many polymers)
  • cellulose
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10
Q

what are two characteristics of carbon that make it such a valuable element in living organisms?

A
  • has high bonding capacity (needs 4 electrons)
  • forms both single and double covalent bonds with other atoms
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11
Q

What are functional groups and how are they important in biological organism?

A
  • a group of atoms that participate directly in a chemical reaction
  • give a molecule certain characteristics
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12
Q

What is a monosaccharide used for in a living organism ?

A
  • one sugar molecule
  • is a monomer: building block for larger molecules (polymers)
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13
Q

What is a polysaccharide used for in a living organism?

A
  • many polymers
    1) forms the cell wall as if plant cells
    2) energy storage (starch/plants & glycogen/animals)
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14
Q

Give examples of monosaccharides

A

one sugar molecule
6 C’s + 1 OH- = glucose

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15
Q

Give examples of disaccharides

A

glucose + fructose= sucrose

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16
Q

Give examples of polysaccharides

A

starch : plants
glycogen : animals

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17
Q

Draw basic structure of a glyceride and triglyceride

A
  • Glycerol “head”
  • Fatty Acid “tail” (carbon binding spots filled with hydrogen)
  • Triglycerides have 3 fatty acid tails
18
Q

What is the difference between saturated fat and unsaturated fat?

A

in unsaturated fats carbon binding spots are not filled with hydrogen and are liquid at room temperature

19
Q

What is trans fat?

A

artificially hydrogenating an unsaturated fat to be solid at room temperature

20
Q

What is a steroid? Give examples of steroid molecules

A
  • type of lipid
  • four carbon ring “skeleton” (side chains make each steroid unique)
  • all NON-POLAR = hydrophobic
    ex: cortisol (any other is derived from cholesterol)
21
Q

What is the general structure of an amino acid ?

A

Amino Group + R group + Carboxyl Group

22
Q

What two functional groups do amino acids always contain?

A

Amino group and Carboxyl group

23
Q

what is a bond between two amino acids called?

A

Polypeptide

24
Q

What two function groups come together to form Polypeptides ?

A
  • chains of aminos acids
  • amino group and carboxyl group
25
Q

Primary Protein Structure

A
  • peptide bonds turn to polypeptides (chains of amino acids)
26
Q

Secondary Protein Structure

A

Depending on primary structure, it will fold into either alpha helices or beta sheet
- non functional

27
Q

Tertiary Protein Structure

A

a lot more folds and bonds between amino acids (secondary structure with connections)

28
Q

Quaternary Protein Structure

A

more than one tertiary structure connect to form a functional protein

29
Q

What levels of protein structure are considered functional?

A

Tertiary structure and Quaternary structure

30
Q

Why are protein structures so important for the function of the protein?

A

The structure of protein sets the foundation for interactions with other molecules and, therefore, determines its function.

31
Q

What happens when one amino acid is replaced by another through a mutation in human DNA

A

may alter the function of the protein (sickle cell anemia)

32
Q

What are three components of a nucleotide?

A

1) one or more phosphate group
2) deoxyribose or ribose
3) nitrogenous base

33
Q

What are the functions of nucleotides in biological organisms?

A

1) monomer of DNA
2) energy carriers of chemicals (ATP) and electron energy
3) assist in metabolic reactions

34
Q

What forms the backbone of nucleotides?

A

sugar phosphate backbone

35
Q

In DNA what kind of bond exists between the bases of two strands of DNA?

A

hydrogen bonds

36
Q

How are DNA and RNA similar to each other how are they different

A
  • both are built with a sugar backbone, both nuclei acid nitrogenous bases
  • RNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded
37
Q

DNA nitrogenous bases (4)

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine

38
Q

RNA nitrogenous bases (4)

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil

39
Q

Basepairing in a DNA molecule is complementary. Therefore __________ bonds with ____________ and ________ bonds with_____________.

A

Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine

40
Q

metabolism

A

chemical processes in cells that change food to energy

BIOL 100 (Lecture) (4 decks)

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