biomolecules Flashcards
carbohydrates
otically active polyhydroxy ald or kets
monosaccharide and examples
a carb that cant be hydrolysed further
fructose and ribose and glucose
oliogosaccharides
carbs that yiedl 2- 10 monosaccarides on hydrolysis
=
examples of disacharides
sucrose - alpha -D- glucose and beta - D- FRUCTOSE
maltose - 2 alpha - D - glucose
lactose - B -D- galactose an dB -D -glucose
polysacc
non sugars
starch
glycogen
cellulose and gum
reducing sugars
reduce tollens an dfehlings reagent
aldose an dketose
glusoce is an aldohexose
and is a monomer of ?
dextrose
monomer of starch, cellulose
what does it suggest
when glucose is prolonged heated with H-I
N- HEXANE AN DALL C ATOMS ARE ARRANGED IN A STRAIGHT CHAIN
GLUCOSE react with hydroxyl amine to form oxime and hydrogen cyanide to form cyanohydrin
what does it suggest
confirms the presesnce of CARBONYL grp
on reacting glucose with mild oxi agent like bromine water
six carbon carboxylic acid(gluconic acid ) is formed what does it suggest
carbobyl grp is ALDEHYDE
WHAT CONFIRMS THe presence of 5- OH grp of glucose
acetylation of glucose with acetic anhydride
since it is a stable grp 5-oh should be attached to different carbon
what does it suggest whe glucose and gluconic on oxidation with nitric acid yielded a dicarboxylic acid called saccharic acid
presence of 1o alcoholic gep
why was the structure concluded as cyclic structe and what were th ebehavoirs not explained vby open chain strucrewr
- glucose doent react with schiff test and doesnt forn hydrogen sulphite addition product wuth NaHSO3
- PENTACETATE doent react with hydroxylamine indicate absense of free-CHO GRP
- GLUCOSE IS found to exist in 2 forms
* alpha form- is obtained by crystallisation form concsoln of glucose
* beta- is obtained by crystallisation from hot and saturated soln of glucose
frustose ie what hexose
ketohexose
glycosidic linkage
the 2 monosaccharides joined together by an oxide linkage formed by loss of water
non reducing sugar
aldehydic or ketonic groups are bonded
e.h: sucrose
reducing
the functutional groups are free
e.g : maltose and lactose
SUCROSE
1. the glycosidic linkage is btwne:
2.products of hydrolysis
3.is what rotatory
non - reducing
- C1 of alpha-D-glucose and C2 of B-D-fructose
- a-D-glucose and B-D-fruct
- dextrorotaroty
MALTOSE
1. the glycosidic linkage is btwne:
2.products of hydrolysis
reducing suger
- C1 of 1 GLUCOSE TO C4 OF another glucose
- 2 a-D-GLUCOSE
LACTOSE
1. the glycosidic linkage is btwne:
2.products of hydrolysis
REDUCING
milk sugar
- C1 of galactose and C2 of glucose
- B - D- galatose and B-D-glucose
invert sugar
the hydrolysis og sucrose brings about a change in the sign of rotatuon from dextro to laeveo
suc- dex an don hydrolysis the products formed are dextro gluxose and laevo fructose
STARCH
1. what are th e2 comp
2. main storage polysaccharide of -
- amylosde and amylopectin
- plants
- amylose is held together by glycosidic linkage bten
- content of stach
water soluble
- C1 and C4 of 200- 1000a-D-(+) glucose
- 15- 20%
amylopectin
1. stacrch content
2. poly mer of
3. chain is formed
4. branching occurs
- 80-85%
- a-D-glucose
- C1- C4
- C1 and C5
cellulose
1. constituent of
2. composed of
3. glycosidic linkage btwn
- cell wall and plant cell
- B-D-glucose
- C1 adn C4
glycogen
1. whatis its anothern ame
2. present
3. enzyme break glycogen to
4. structure similar to but mor brancehed
- animal starch
- liver, mucsles and brain also in fungi an dyeat
- glucose
- amylopectin
protein is polymer of
alpha amino acids
essential amino acids
the amino acis that are not synthesised by th ebody
lysine a dn valine an dleucine
which a amino acid is not optically actibe
glycine
peptide linkage
amide formed bten -COOH nad -NH2 BY ELIMINATION OG H20
PROTEIN
polypeptide with more than 100 amino acid residues
and have molecular mass higher than 10,000u
insulin contain how many amino acid
51
fibrous proten
- bonds
- examples
- solubilty
- hydrogen and disulphide
- keratin an dmyosin
- insoluble in water
globular proten
- examples
- solubilty
- insulin and albumin
- highly soluble
the main forces which stabilise the 2 an d3 structure of proten are
- hydrogen bond
- disulphide linkage
- van der waals
- electrostatic forces of attactiojn
native protein
protein found in biological system with a unique 3 dimensional structute
and biological activity
fat soluble VITAMINS
A D E K
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
C AND B
water soluble vtamin stored in our body
b12
source and deficiency diseases of
** vit. A**
sources : fish liver oil, carrots adn mlik
xerophthalmia(hardening of cornea) and nightblinbess
sources: fish liver oil, milk, butter, carrot
source and deficiency diseases of
vit. b1
thiam9ine
sor: milk, grren veg abd cereals
beri beri - loss of apetite and retarded growth
source and deficiency diseases of
vit B2
riboflavin
cheilosis
sor: milk, eggwhite liver an dkidney
source and deficiency diseases of
b6
pyriodixine
convulsion
sor: yeast milk egg yolk and cereals
source and deficiency diseases of
b12
pernicious anemeia
sor: meat fish egg and curd
source and deficiency diseases of
c
scurvy
sor: cirtus fruit
source and deficiency diseases of
d
rickets adn osteomalacia
sor: exposure to sunlight and fish an deg gyolk
source and deficiency diseases of
e
increases fragility of RBC an dmuscualr weakness
sor: veg oil
source and deficiency diseases of
k
increased blood clotting
sor: grren leafy veg
sugar moeity in DNA AND RNA
- DNA- B-D-2-DEOXYRIBOSE
- RNA- B-D- RIBOSE
NUCLEOSIDE
BASE ATTACHED TO 1’ POST OF SUGAR
NUCLEOTIDE
NUCLEOTIDE IS LINKED TO PHOSPHORIC ACID AT 5’ POST
