Biomolecules

Question 1

What is the central dogma

Answer 1

Theory by Watson and Crick that help explain transfer of sequential info
DNA→RNA→protein

Question 2

What are the 3 processes involved in converting DNA into proteins

Answer 2

1. replication of DNA
2. transcription (DNA→RNA)
3. Translation (RNA→protein)

Question 3

DNA Replication

Answer 3

DNA makes a copy of itself

Question 4

Transcription

Answer 4

DNA converts to RNA

Question 5

Translation

Answer 5

RNA converted into protein

Question 6

What are 3 violations of the central dogma

Answer 6

1. reverse transcription
2. RNA viruses
3. ncRNA

Question 7

Reverse Transcription

Answer 7

When RNA is converted back into DNA resulting in cDNA

Question 8

Example of Reverse Transcription

Answer 8

HIV

Question 9

RNA Viruses

Answer 9

use RNA strand to replicate another RNA strand or the RNA itself just helps out other cells
ex: Corona virus, influenza, measles

Question 10

Non coding RNA
ncRNA

Answer 10

functional molecules that skip translation and RNA just directly helps in cell

Question 11

Epigenetics

Answer 11

study of heritable changes in gene activity that are not caused by changes in DNA sequence
(aka how the environment and other things effect genes)

Question 12

What holds the primary structure of proteins togehter

Answer 12

peptide bonds

Question 13

What is the main structure of an AA

Answer 13

• alpha carbon
• amino group
• carboxyl group
• side chain

Question 14

How is a peptide bond formed

Answer 14

There is a nucleophilic addition elimination rxn bw the carboxyl and amino group of 2 AA

Question 15

2 ways to break a peptide bond

Answer 15

1. acid hydrolysis + heat
2. proteolysis

Question 16

Hydrolysis

Answer 16

use strong acids or proteolytic enzymes to break bonds

Question 16

Acid hydrolysis + heat

Answer 16

Non-specific method:
Uses a strong acid and heat to break the peptide bond

Question 16

Proteolysis

Answer 16

Specific method:
uses ez protease to break peptide bond

Question 17

What are the 4 Special Case AA

Answer 17

Histidine
Proline
Glycine
Cysteine

Question 18

Histidine

Answer 18

His, H
pka=6.5
- basic, hydrophilic
- at body pH, can be both protonated and deprotonated
- helps p active site bc it can stabilize/destabilize a substrate

Question 19

Proline

Answer 19

Pro, P
- hydrophobic
- secondary alpha amino group
- can disrupt secondary structure of alpha helix by introducing a kink to helix due to secondary alpha amino group

Question 20

Glycine

Answer 20

Gly, G
- hydrophobic
- small and flexible (lots of rotation)
- can disrupt secondary structure of alpha helix by introducing a kink in helix due to its flexibility

Question 21

Cysteine

Answer 21

Cys, C
- has thiol (SH) group
- prone to make disulfide bonds (most likely to occur in oxidizing environment found extracellularly)
- reduced form of cysteine is common in intracellular space of cell

Question 22

Chiral Carbon

Answer 22

has 4 unique groups

Question 23

Chirality

Answer 23

optical activity
- when a plain polarized light is on a chiral carbon, then the light will be rotated