Biomolecules Flashcards
Macromolecules, organic molecules
Biomolecules
Types of Biomolecules
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acid
How are biomolecules described
according to Function
Single unit, building blocks
Monomer
Dehydration synthesis is inverse with
Hydrolysis
mixing/cooling of diff biomolecule source, formation of bigger molecules
Dehydration synthesis
Breaks down from polymer to monomer
Hydrolysis
every angle has carbon
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
monomer of Carbon
Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides are polymers of
Carbo
monomers of ___ are what we use as currency/fuel of energy
Carbo
Glucose is an example of
Monosaccharides
Combination of 2 monosac, can be found in plants and animals
Disaccharides
Disaccharides example
Lactose, Sucrose
Example of Polysaccharides
Cellulose, Glycogen, Starch
Functions of Carbohydrates
Energy source, strengthens
dont have any particular monomer
Lipids
Components of Lipids
Triglycerides
Triglyceride is composed of
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
glycerol+phosphate group+2 fatty acids
Phospholipids
lipid bilayer of membranes
Phospholipid
Head of phospholipid
Hydrophilic
Fats of Phospholipid
Hydrophobic
unique, four fused rings attached to each other
Sterols
1 pentose rings, 5 carbons
Sterols
Component of cell membranes
Cholesterol
can be found in food sources, enzymes
Proteins
catalyze chem reaction and protect against disease
Proteins
store amino acids, transport substances, receive signal, provide structural support
Proteins
currency of energy in ATP
Nucleic Acid
Sugar=deoxyribose, Nitro based=CGAT
DNA
Sugar=ribose, Nitro bases=CGAU
RNA
store heridetary into
Nucleic acid
provides energy
Carbohydrates
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxy
Carb
2C:1H 2H:1O
Carb
molecule that mirrors each other
Isomers
molecule that mirrors each other
Isomer
-ose
Sugar and monomer
Mild sweet flavor, always present in sugar, basic unit to produce ATO
Glucose
essential energy source, blood sugar
Glucose
hardly tastes sweet, attached to another sygar which is glucose, dairy
Galactose
Found in Fruits and honey, sweetest
Fructose
based on no. of carbons, position of carbonyl group
Classification and Naming of sugar
3C
triose
5C
Pentose
6C
Hexose
end
aldoses
within
ketoses
Plants always have
Ketone
Disaccharides contain 2 mono
-glucose is always present
Glucose+Fructose
Sucrose
Glucose+Glucose
Maltose
Glucose + Galactose
Lactose
tastes sweet, brown white or powdered
Sucrose
Grape wine
Sucrose
produced when starch breakd down
Maltose
Milo, Beer
Maltose
main carbo in milk, came from animals
Lactose
short chains, can interact with other molecule
Oligosaccharides
long chains, energy storage, structural support
Polysaccharides
Oligosaccharides has 2
or more sugars
can stand alone
Polysaccharides
plants, polymer of glucose monomer
Starch
energy source, animal sources, structural support
Glycogen
mahor component if toygh walls,fivers
Cellulose
cell walls, crab and shrimp
Chitin
3 groups of lipids
Fats, Phospholipids, Steroids
has glycerol head and three fatty acids
Fats
Triglycerides are found in
Fats
2 types of fats
Satureated. Unsaturated
long straight chain, mostly animal fats. solid at room temp
Satyrated
plaque deposits
Saturated fats
coming from plants and fish, liquid at room temp, presence if double bonds
Unsatyrated
amino acids
Proteins
3 groups of proteins
amino acid, carboxylic acidbgroup, R group
2H:1N
Amino acid group
C=O-OH
Carboxylic acid group
R group
R side chain
Proteins can only function if they are in their
Tertiary ajd Quarternary Structute
8 types of protein uses
Enzymatic, Defensive, Hormonal, Receptor, Storage, Transport, Contractive and Motor, Structural
selective accelaeration of chem reactions, ends with -ase
Enzymatic Proteins
protection against diseases, antibodies
Defensive proteins
coordination of an organisms activity, ex insulin
Hormonal proteins
Response of cell to chemical stimuli, built into the membrane of a nerve cell
Receptor proteins
storage of amino acids
Storage proteins
the protein of milk, major source of amino acids for baby mammals
Casein
Highest yileld of protein
Low fat milk
Plants have storage proteins in their
Seeds
transport of substances
Transport proteins
iron-containing protein of vertebrate
Transport proteins
to enter the cell, the substance should enter the
transport proteins
movement
Contractile and Motor proteins
responsible for contraction of muscles
Actin and Myosin
support
Structural proteins
Keratin and Collagen
Structural proteins
Different structures of Proteins
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quarternary
sequence of chains of amino acids, linear
Primary
local folding, has angle
Secondary protein
two types of helix
alpha helix and beta-pleated sheet
3d folding partern due to chain interaction
Teriqry
more than one amino acid chain
Quarternary
amino acid sequence is important in DNA, translation and transcription
Primary structure
folding, hydrogen bonds
Secondary
folding 3d
Tertiary
Factors (Van deer waals) Tertiary
Hydro bonds, Ionic vonds, Disulfide bridges
Weak
Hydro bonds
posi and nega charge
Ionic bonds
sulfur
Disulfide bridges
Hydrophobic interactions
Van deer waals interaction
More than 1 polypeptide chain bonds together, protein is now functional
Quarternary structure
Hemoglobin has how many bonds
4
Collagen has how many bonds
3
Protein folding
gains function
protein unfolding
loses function
Denaturation
Temp, PH, sanity
changes a physical characteristic
Temp change
Myosin & actin and hemoglobin
Proteins in meat
Steak well done loses
hemoglobin
pH level of kinilaw
acidic
Denaturation
rebond (denatures pH level), hair are dead cells
mobiner of nucleic acid
Nucleotide
purine
two nitro bases
Deoxyribose vs Ribose
Deoxyribose loxes oxygen
Nucleic acid are anti parallel
5’ prime, 3 ‘ - 3’, 5’
caused by nitrogenous bases, weak and can be broken down by helicase, microRNA or mRNA
anti parallel structure
Deal with data resulting from sequencing many genomes
Bioinformation
large sets of genes when comparing whole genomes are called
Genomics
similar analysis of large sets of proteins
proemics
alignment of amino acid sequences of B-globun
VHLTPEEKSA
non polar and insoluble in water
Hydrocarbons
three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule
Triglycerides
lipid with double bonds
unsaturated
solid at room temp
Saturated
Head pointing towards water
Tails up
Cholesterol is common in
Animals
determined by sequence of amino acids
Primary structure
Hydrogen bonds form helix shape
Secondary
hydrophilic parts would face wayer and hydrophobic turn inward
Tertiary
two pairs if similar polypeptides, eacy contains oxygen carrying heme mokecule
Hemoglobin molecule
quarternary structure
has more than one polypeptide chain
Formation of chem bonds
electrons
fewer neutrons
isotopes
Glucose is a
monosaccharide
posituve and negative charge of an oxy and nitro
Hydrogen bonds
60% of water
Blood
polar molecules are
hydrophilic
loss of bio function
denaturation
A and G
Purine
C and T
Pyrimidines
