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biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

monomer

A

smaller units of which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

polymer

A

many monomers bonded together

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3
Q

examples of monomers

A

glucose, amino acids, nucleotides

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4
Q

examples of polymers

A

starch, cellulose, glycogen, protein, DNA/RNA

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5
Q

condensation reaction

A

joining two molecules
creating chemical bond
removal of water

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6
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

breaking chemical bond
between two molecules
using water

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7
Q

isomer

A

same molecular formula but different structure

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8
Q

disaccharide

A

made up of 2 monosaccharides
joined by glycosidic bonds
formed from condensation reaction

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9
Q

maltose

A

glucose+glucose

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10
Q

sucrose

A

glucose+fructose

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11
Q

lactose

A

glucose+galactose

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12
Q

starch structure

A

alpha glucose
made from 2 polymers:
amylose - unbranched helix joined by 1-4 gs bonds
amylopectin - branched helix joined by 1-4 and 1-6 gs bonds

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13
Q

starch structure related to function

A

compact to fit lots of glucose in small space
branched increasing surface area for rapid hydrolysis back to glucose
insoluble so wont affect water potential

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14
Q

cellulose structure

A

beta glucose
polymer formed of long straight chains using 1-4 gs bonds
held in parallel by many H bonds to form fibrils

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15
Q

cellulose structure related to function

A

many H bonds provide collective strength and rigidity
insoluble so it wont affect water potential

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16
Q

glycogen structure

A

highly branched involving 1-4 and 1-6 gs bonds

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17
Q

glycogen structure related to function

A

branched structure increases surface area for rapid hydrolysis back to glucose
insoluble so wont affect water potential.

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18
Q

whats meant by R group

A

variable group

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19
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds in hydrocarbon chain

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20
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

have one or more double bonds in hydrocarbon chain

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21
Q

how are triglycerides formed

A

condensation of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
3 ester bonds form between each fatty acid and glycerol attaching to
it is not a polymer as its not many repeated units joining together
1 water is lost between each fatty acid (3 lost in total)

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22
Q

triglyceride structure

A

glycerol + 3 fatty acids
joined by ester bonds

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23
Q

triglycerides structure related to function

A

-large ratio of energy storing carbon-hydrogen bonds compared to number of carbons mean lots of energy can be stored
- high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms allow it to act as a metabolic water source, releasing water if oxidised. important for desert animals e.g. camels
-large and hydrophobic, making them insoluble (not affecting WP)
- low mass, lots can be stored without increasing mass and preventing movement

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24
Q

how are phospholipids formed

A

2 condensation reactions between glycerol and fatty acids
2 ester bonds formed
1 condensation reaction between glycerol and phosphate group
1 phosphodiester bond formed

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25
structure of phospholipids
hydrophilic head due to negative charge on phosphate group attracts water and repels fats hydrophobic tail is not charged repels water and mixes with fats
26
properties of phospholipids
2 charged regions so is polar in water its positioned so heads are exposed to water and tails are not > forms phospholipid bilayer which makes up plasma membrane in cells
27
monomers in proteins
amino acids
28
dipeptide
Formed when two amino acids join together via condensation reaction
29
polypeptide
A polymer (chain) by condensation of many amino acids, are linked together by peptide bonds.
30
primary structure of protein
simple polypeptide chains and sequences of amino acids, determines its properties
31
secondary structure of protein
protein structure is formed by folding and twisting of amino acid chain into alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
32
tertiary structure
further bending and twisting forms a unique 3D shape held in place by ionic, hydrogen and disulphide bonds
33
quaternary structure
protein made up of more than 1 polypeptide chain, e.g. haemoglobin
34
enzyme
tertiary structure proteins which lower activation energy of the reactions they catalyse
35
induced fit model
enzyme model where the substrate induces the enzyme to alter its shape to mould around the substrate like a glove to form an enzyme substrate complex this puts strain on the bonds and lowers activation energy
36
temperature effect on enzymes
high temperature increases kinetic energy so more collisions between enzyme and substrate works at an optimum temperature if higher than optimum the enzymes denature, changing the shape of active site making the enzyme non functional and ES complexes cannot form
37
pH on enzymes
All enzymes work best at optimal pH. above and below the optimal pH the rate of reaction decreases. Extreme pH changes can denature the enzyme
38
effect of substrate and enzyme concentration on activity
insufficient substrate will slow down the reaction due to fewer collisions between enzyme and substrate insufficient enzymes will cause active sites to be too saturated with substrate and unable to work any faster
39
competitive inhibitors
same shape as the substrate binds to active site prevents enzyme substrate complex
40
non competitive inhibitors
bind to allosteric site causes active site to change shape makes enzyme non functional, no ES complexes
41
test for starch
add iodine, turns from orange to blue/black
42
reducing sugar test
Add benedict's solution and shake Boil the test tube 80 deg C If it goes orange/brick red: reducing sugar is present
43
test for non reducing sugars
Test for non-reducing sugar Heat with Benedict's If negative (stays blue), hydrolyse substance with HCl and neutralise with NaOH. (or hydrolyse with an enzyme) Heat with Benedict's Brick red precipitate indicates non- reducing sugar.
44
test for lipids
Emulsion test, ethanol mixed with sample, added to water, milky white emulsion forms on top of the water
45
DNA nucleotode made up of
phosphate , deoxyribose pentose sugar, nitrogenous base (either CGAT)
46
polynucleotide
A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain; nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA. condensation reaction between pentose sugar and phosphate joined by phosphodiester bond CG AT
47
RNA vs DNA
much shorter ribose vs. deoxyribose pentose sugar single stranded vs. double stranded, uracil vs. thymine
48
RNA function
transfer genetic code from DNA in nucleus to ribosomes Some RNA (rRNA) is combined with proteins to make ribosome
49
semi conservative replication
in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new
50
semi conservative replication steps
1. DNA helicase breaks H bonds between complimentary base pairs, causing double helix to unzip and unwind 2. strands act as a template, free floating nucleotides attract to their complementary base pairs on the template 3. adjacent nucleotides join together by a condensation reaction catalysed by DNA polymerase 4. two sets of daughter DNA contains one parental strand and one newly synthesised strand
51
forming atp
ADP +Pi condensation reaction using ATP synthase during respiration
52
breaking down ATP
ATP to ADP + Pi hydrolysis reaction uses ATP hydrolase releases small amount of energy
53
phosphorylation of glucose
ATP bonds with compound to make them more reactive
54
water properties
metabolite solvent high SHC high latent heat of vaporization strong cohesion
55
metabolite
involved in chemical reactions such as condensation and hydrolysis reactions
56
solvent
dipolar so can dissolve solutes and can easily transported around body in cytoplasm in cells
57
high SHC
Water requires a lot of energy to change temperature, good for preventing enzymes denaturing
58
high latent heat of vaporisation
Provides a cooling effect with little loss of water through evaporation
59
cohesion
strong cohesion supports water columns and provides surface tension in plants
60
importance of H ions
lower the pH of solutions impact enzyme function impact haemoglobin function OR role in chemiosmosis
61
importance of iron ions
Component of haemoglobin in transporting oxygen
62
importance of sodium ions
involved in co-transport of glucose and amino acids in absorbption OR role in generating action potentials
63
importance of phosphate ions
component of DNA which forms phosphodiester bonds with deoxyribose ATP, making ADP more reactive

Biology (6 decks)

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