Biomolecular Flashcards
These are large molecules that are important components of living systems. Performing a variety of functions, they are vital to sustaining life.
Biological macromolecules
Who coined the term “Macromolecule”?
Nobel Laureate Hermann Staudinger
He was a German organic chemist who demonstrated the existence of macromolecules, which he characterized as polymers.
Nobel Laureate Hermann Staudinger
Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
1:2:1 ratio
Carbohydrates AKA Saccharides
Energy production through GLYCOLYSIS
CARBOHYDRATES
Energy storage as glycogen in animals and starch in plants
CARBOHYDRATES
Structural component of plants “___________” and in animals as “______”
CARBOHYDRATES - cellulose , chitin
“mono” means one; single carbohydrate molecule.
E.g. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose.
Monosaccharides
Two chemically bound monosaccharides.
E.g. Sucrose(Glucose-Fructose) Lactose(Galactose-Glucose)
Disaccharides
multiple number of monosaccharides.
E.g. Starch, and Glycogen
Polysaccharides
Macromolecules made primarily of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
Proteins
Its basic sub-unit is Amino acid
Proteins
It could also be a hormones
Proteins
The sequence and the number of amino acids ultimately determine the protein’s shape, size, and function.
Peptide Bonds
The resulting chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide chain. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end.
Polypeptide Chains
Sequence of a chain of amino acids
Primary Protein Structure
Hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern
Secondary Protein Structure
Three dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions
Tertiary protein structure
Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
Quaternary Protein Structure
are the substances that are soluble in nonpolar organic solvents but are usually insoluble in water such as fats.
Lipids
These are nonpolar lipids that plants and animals use for protection and have many functions
in society.
waxes
These are amphipathic molecules that make up the bilayer of the plasma membrane and keep the membrane fluid.
Phospolipids
it play roles in reproduction, absorption, metabolism regulation, and brain activity.
Steroids
is the most common steroid and is mainly synthesized in the liver; it is the precursor to vitamin D.
Cholesterol
It is a long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides.
Nucleic Acids
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Nucleic Acids
3 Components of Nucleotide
Nitrogenous Bases
Five Carbon Sugar
Phosphate Group
C (Cytosine), T (Thymine) and U (Uracil)
Pyrimidine
A (Adenine) and G (Guanine)
Purine
The Pentose sugar in DNA is Deoxyribose and in RNA it is Ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the second carbon of the ribose and hydrogen on the second carbon of the deoxyribose.
Five Carbon Sugar
A chemical group made up of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, with a net negative charge.
Phospate Group
These are large molecules that are important components of living systems.
Macromolecules
A sugar, starch, or cellulose that is a food source of energy for an animal or plant; a saccharide.
Carbohydrate
are the substances that are soluble in nonpolar organic solvents but are usually insoluble in water such as fats.
Lipids
Macromolecules made primarily of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen.
Proteins
It is a long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides.
Nucleic Acid
__________ is the term used for a large molecule.
Macromolecule
___________ are the major source of energy for the body. Instant or quick energy.
Carbohydrates
low levels of proteins lactase
Lactose Intolerance
are so abundant in the body.
Proteins
Some proteins function as chemical-signaling molecules. These proteins are secreted by endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes, which include growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction.
Hormones
is a protein hormone secreted by pancreas that helps to regulate blood glucose levels
Insulin
Solid at room temperature (unhealthy)
Saturated Fats
Liquid at room temperature (healthy)
Unsaturated Fats
