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Lymphatic System > Biomedical Sciences > Flashcards

Biomedical Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

Which is more abundant, erythrocytes or lymphocytes ?

A

RBC much more abundant

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2
Q

Of all the WBC, which are the two most common cells ?

A

Neutrophils and lymphocytes (both 40-60% each)

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3
Q

Which is the least common form of WBC and what is its function?

A

Basophils- attracts other WBC

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4
Q

What would a defeciency in megakaryocytes lead too?

A

A lack of platelets, essential for blood clotting

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5
Q

What can be used to assess blood glucose levels over the last 120 days ?

A

RBC are useful to assess blood glucose levels, good for diabetes diagnostics

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6
Q

What are first and last progenitors cells in Erythropoesis ?

A

First cell - megakaryocytes

Last cell - reticulocytes - gives indication of RBC turnover

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7
Q

What are NK cells best at killing ?

A

Intracellular infections (viruses)

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8
Q

A WBC presents 3 distinct lobes and appears slightly pink, what is likely to be ?

A

A Neutrophil, one of the most common WBC

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9
Q

How can you distinguish a monocyte from the rest of the WBC ?

A

They are much bigger and have finger like extensions

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10
Q

What are the 4 stages of wound healing?

A

1- haemostasis (sec / hours)
2- inflammatory stage (hours / days)
3- proliferatory stage (days / weeks)
4- remodelling stage (weeks / months)

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11
Q

What are the 4 stages of haemostasis?

A

1- vasoconstriction
2- platelet plug (thanks to the Von Willebrand factor)
3- blood clot (with fibrin)
4- tissue repair, removal of clot (plasmin)

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12
Q

Where are the blood clotting factor mainly made ?

A

Liver - important for clinical

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13
Q

Which phagocyte is essential in the cleaning up of the wound ?

A

Macrophage- eats up all the debris

Neutrophils also important for eating any bacteria

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14
Q

Why does the skin sometimes feel tight when it scars up?

A

Fibroblast synthesised the new skin during proliferation

Sometimes, then can become myofibroblast to pull skin together and increase healing

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15
Q

What happens to the collagen fibres during remodelling?

A

Collagen 3 turned back into collagen 1

Only 80% as strong

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16
Q

Name two physiological pathways where commensal bacteria are important

A

AA absorption and Vit K pathway

17
Q

What makes a bacteria gram positive ?

A

It’s peptidoglycan layer on its cells membrane

18
Q

What are the tow pumps for the lymphatic system to drain fluid from the capillaries ?

A

Skeletal muscle pump - milks the lymph

Respiratory pump - difference of pressure

19
Q

What colour is the lymph

A

Normally clear but can become milky if a lot of fat in it

20
Q

What are the two main lymph ducts, what do they drain and where do they end / drain into?

A

Thoracic duct - 3/4 of body - internal jugular vein

Right Lymphatic duct - 1/4 top right of body - subclavian vein

21
Q

How do the cells of the innate recognise foreign cells?

A

Cells of the innate have

  • PRP (Pattern recognition protein)
  • TLR (Toll Like Receptors)

Foreign cells have
- PAMPs

22
Q

Give a brief overview on each complement protein fonction

A

C3a, C5a - Mast cell and neutrophil activation
C3b - Opsonisation
C5b - apoptosis, cell lysis

23
Q

What is the difference between MHCI and MHCII and how are the6 involved’ I’m in the bodies immune response?

A

MHCI are on every cell. When they get infected they express part of the viral DNA / protein in their cytoplasm using their MHCI molecules

MHCII are only APC cells. Once they have migrated to the lymph node, they present part of the phagocyted cells

24
Q

What is the difference between cell mediated and humeral mediated response ?

A

Cell mediated - cytotoxic T cells (attracted by IFN-y and IL-2 released by infected cells) - activated by Thelper 1 cells

Humeral Mediated - plasma cells (B-cells p) - activated by Thelper 2 cells

25
Q

What are the different types of Antibodies and where / when can we find them ?

A

IgM- first antibody to be released, jack of all trades, not very powerful
IgG - much more potent, more powerful
IgA- in secretary fluids - breast feed, eyes, mucus
IgE- for Parasitic Infections

26
Q

What temperature is considered a fever ?

A

37.9C - 41C

27
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

Some animals can host multiple viruses at the same time - using reassortment they mix antigens between them

28
Q

What are the 3 types of cell that are phagocytes ?

A

Neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells

29
Q

What is interferon α and how does it work ?

A

IFN α is realeased by virally infected cells and attracts dendritic cells and NK cells

30
Q

What are the 3 main area infected by e.Coli , c. Difficile and MRSA? (Common hospital infections)

A

E. Coli - UTI

C. Difficile - GI tract

MRSA- skin infection

31
Q

What is anti-microbial stewardship?

A

Avoiding using general antibiotics, being specific with it

Lymphatic System (3 decks)

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