Biomedical Basis of Public Health

Question 1

What is an infectious disease and how does it spread?

Answer 1

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms:
Bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi
Diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another.

Question 2

What are the four main chronic illnesses?

Answer 2

-Cardiovascular diseases (like heart attacks and stroke)
-Cancers
-Chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructed
pulmonary disease and asthma)
-Diabetes

Question 3

What is another term for an infectious disease?

Answer 3

Communicable disease

Question 4

What are the most common infectious diseases?

Answer 4

• Hepatitis B (2 billion cases)
• Malaria (500 million cases)
• Hepatitis C (180 million cases)
• Dengue (50 million cases)
• Tuberculosis (8.6 million cases)

Question 5

What are re-emerging infectious diseases and what are some of the most common ones?

Answer 5

Long+ well-known infectious agents that dropped in popularity, were no longer considered considered public health problems & are now showing upward trends in incidence or prevalence worldwide

• -Diptheria (7,321 cases)
• -Cholera (150,00 cases)
• -Human Plague (783 cases)
• -Dengue (390 million cases)

Question 6

What is herd immunity?

Answer 6

• Immunization
• Natural infection
• For herd immunity to protect a population, more than 70% of the population needs to be immune.*

Question 7

What is anti-microbial drug resistance? What are there causes and consequences?

Answer 7

Causes:
-Wrong prescribing practices
-Non-adherence by patients
-Counterfeit drugs
-Use of anti-infective drugs in animals & plants
Consequences:
-Prolonged hospital admissions
-Higher death rates from infections
-Requires more expensive, more toxic drugs
Higher health care costs

Question 8

How can human behavior cause emerging infections?

Answer 8

-Increased international travel (Influenza)
-Sexual activity
-Population growth & urbanization
-Climate & environmental change
Bioterrorism

Question 9

What specifically about population and urbanization influences public health in a negative way?

Answer 9

• Growth of densely populated cities= substandard housing, unsafe water, poor sanitation, overcrowding, indoor air pollution
• Refugees & displaced persons
• Diarrheal & Intestinal parasitic diseases

Question 10

How can climate and environmental changes increase the spread of disease?

Answer 10

-Deforestation forces animals into closer human contact
=Increased possibility for agents to breach species barrier between animals & humans (Lymes disease)
-El Nino triggers natural disasters & related outbreaks of infectious diseases (Malaria, Cholera)
-Global warming
Spread of Malaria, Dengue, Leishmaniasis, Filariasis

Question 11

What is bioterrorism? What is the likeliest route?

Answer 11

-Possible deliberate release of infectious agents by dissident individuals or terrorist groups
(It is easy to produce, mass casualties, difficult to detect, widespread panic & civil disruption)
-Aerosol dissemination

Question 12

Killer animals: Who has the leading impact?

Answer 12

1. Mosquito

2. Human

Question 13

What is a zoonotic disease?

Answer 13

Infectious diseases that can be naturally transmitted between animals (usually vertebrates) and humans
Ex: Lyme disease, rabies

Question 14

What are some ways to deal with infectious diseases?

Answer 14

-Surveillance at national, regional, global level
*Epidemiological
*Laboratory
*Ecological
*Anthropological
-Investigation and early control measures
-Implement prevention measures
*Behavioral
*Political
*Environmental
*Monitoring,
evaluation

Question 15

What are some issues with surveillance?

Answer 15

• Limited capacity in field epidemiology, laboratory diagnostic testing, rapid field investigations
• Inappropriate case definitions
• Delays in reporting, poor analysis of data and information at all levels
• No feedback to periphery
• Insufficient preparedness to control epidemics
• No evaluation

Question 16

What does GORAN stand for? And what is its role?

Answer 16

• Global Outbreak Alert & Response Network
• Coordinated by WHO
• Mechanism for combating international disease outbreaks
• Ensure rapid deployment of technical assistance, contribute to long-term epidemic preparedness & capacity building

Question 17

How do you contract Hep A?

Answer 17

Fecal/oral route

Question 18

How do you contract Hep B?

Answer 18

Sex

Question 19

How do you contract Hep C?

Answer 19

Blood hep

Question 20

What is another word for a chronic disease?

Answer 20

A noncommunicable disease

Question 21

What are the most common chronic diseases and how many people do they affect globally?

Answer 21

1. Cancer
2. Heart disease
3. Stroke
4. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
5. Diabetes

Question 22

What is cardiovascular disease caused by? And what are the main cardiovascular diseases?

Answer 22

Caused by disease of the blood vessels (atherosclerosis) of the heart, usually as part of the process which affects blood vessels more generally

• Stroke and heart disease are the main cardiovascular diseases
• Stroke is the main cardiovascular disease in many east Asian countries

Question 23

What is the most common type of diabetes?

Answer 23

Type 2

Question 24

What is diabetes caused by?

Answer 24

a lack of insulin (a hormone), which controls blood glucose level an/or
an inability of the body’s tissues to respond properly to insulin (a state called insulin resistance)

Question 25

What is the nutrition transition?

Answer 25

poor countries become more prosperous, they acquire some of the benefits along with some of the problems of industrialized nations.
Ex: Obesity as a result of changes in diet, physical activity, and nutrition in LDCs

Question 26

By reducing ––––levels, countries can reduce the burden of disease from stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and both chronic and acute respiratory diseases, including asthma.

Answer 26

air pollution

Question 27

Water, Sanitation, and hygiene is a probem…2.5 bill people lack access to improved sanitation.

Answer 27

Remember toilet crisis

Question 28

What are neglected tropical diseases? List a few.

Answer 28

a diverse group of tropical infections which are common in low-income populations in developing regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
–They are generally inexpensive to treat but there is lack of funding for prevention and treatment
Ex: , scabies and other ectoparasites and snakebite envenoming

Question 29

Don’t forget about the third disease…

Answer 29

–INJURY

From car accidents,

Question 30

What is the general trend of chronic and infectious diseases and how they affect a population?

Answer 30

• -Chronic illnesses are on the rise as countries develop and infectious diseases are decreasing.
• -The poorest in developing countries face a triple burden of communicable disease, non-communicable disease and socio-behavioral illness.

Question 31

You got this

Answer 31

Thank, I guess