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biomed week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

describe cell signalling pathways where second messenger activates a protein kinase

A

cAMP —–> PKA
Ca2+ ———> CaM kinase
Ras ——>—>—-> Map kinase
DAG +Ca 2+ ——> PKC
PI 3 Kinase AKT pathway

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2
Q

describe cell signalling pathways where the receptor directly activates a transcription factor

A

JAK —> STAT
Smad

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3
Q

What are some pathways involved in regulated proteolysis

A

Wnt-beta catenin pathway
NFxB

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4
Q

what are some intracellular receptors

A

steroid hormones
thyroid hormones

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5
Q

non coding RNA affecting transcription is …. and ……

A

miRNA and IncRNA

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6
Q

what are three ways that intracellular signalling cascades can affect transcription?

A

affect transcription factors
affect co activators and co repressors
affect histones remodelling

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7
Q

co activator and co repressors do not ……..

A

bind to DNA directly

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8
Q

an increase in cytosolic cAMP concentration is stimulated by which cell membrane receptor

A

GPRC - Gs

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9
Q

cAMP activates …….

A

cAMP dependant protein kinase

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10
Q

PKA binding of cAMP causes

A

dissociation of catalytic and regulatory subunits

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11
Q

what target proteins does PKA phosphorylate

A

transcription factors
adjacent phosphodiesterase
- rapidly lowers cAMP levels to shut off signal

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12
Q

how does PKA effect transcription factors

A

PKA enters the nucleus and activates CREB

CREB = CRE binding protein
CRE = cAMP response element

CREB stimulates transcription of genes with CRE

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13
Q

activated CREB also recruits a co activator called ……..

A

CREB binding protien (CBP)

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14
Q

CAM kinase can also phosphorylate transcription regulators to ………

A

increase or decrease transcription

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15
Q

PKC functions similarly to ……. which phosphorylates target proteins which activate / inhibit target proteins and transciption factors

A

PKA

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16
Q

what is Ras activated by

A

receptor tyrosine kinase

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17
Q

active Ras triggers ………. ending with ……

A

a series of activation via phosphoralization reactions

the activation of MAP kinase

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18
Q

AKT acitivates

A

a wide variety of targets including transcription factors

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19
Q

mTOR complex 1 activates

A

a variety of targets including transcription factors involved in ribosome production for increased protein synthesis

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20
Q

PI 3 kinase AKT pathway

A

AKT can activate transcription factors

TOR inhibits 4E-BP
4E -BP inhibits elF4E, but 4E-BP is being inhibited. therefore elF4E is able to increase production of ribosomes

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21
Q

JAK is a ……… activated by ……..

A

cytosolic tyrosine kinase

activated by cytokine ligand binding to its cell membrane receptor

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22
Q

JAK phosphorylates and activates transcription factors called ……. , once activated travel to the nucleus and regulate gene expression

A

STATS

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23
Q

Smad is initiated by the activation of receptor. ………

A

serine/threonine kinases

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24
Q

serine / threonine kinases are activated by …….. and …….

A

TGF beta and BMP ligands

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25
once Smad is activated , it ............ and forms ........ which travels to ........
dissociates from receptor a complex with a coSmad the nucleus and associates with other translation factors and co regulators to control transcription
26
Wnt regulates what?
proteolysis of a multi functional protein B-catenin
27
without Wnt signalling, B catenin is phosphorylated and targeted via
ubiquirylation for destruction by a B catenin degradation complex
28
how do steroid hormones bind to the receptors in the cytosol
diffuses into the cytoplasm this displaces an inhibitory protein bound to the inactive receptor receptor will dimerize and travel to the cell nucleus in the nucleus the receptor will bind to a DNA sequence specific to the steroid receptor
29
the thyroid hormone receptor is located ......... already bound to .....
the nucleus DNA
30
miRNA process
transcription of miRNA forms a primary transcript
31
further processing by a number of enzymes produces .........
smaller and smaller miRNA segments
32
miRNA associated with proteins to form a ...........
RNA induced silencing complex
33
base pairing of the miRNA can either :
induce mRNA cleavage and destruction repress translation
34
the net effect of miRNA within the RISC complex is
to silence mRNA post transcription
35
incRNA can funtion in many ways to modify transcription by
promoting gene transcription supress gene transcription promote chromatin modification directly stablize protein complexes that modify chromatin structure
36
what shape is a coccus
a sphere shaped bacteria
37
coccobacillus is
a half sphere half pill shaped bacteria
38
bacillus is
a pill shaped bacteria
39
virbrio is
a bacteria shaped like a worm , thinner on one end
40
binary fission is
the replication of bacteria - two daughter cells
41
snapping division
is when the cell snaps and ruptures the cell wall to separate into two cells
42
the budding reproduction is
DNA replicated one daughter DNA molecule is moved into a bud a yound bud is formed and detaches
43
diplococci
when a cell divides it doubles and sticks together
44
streptococci
they stay together , plane of division stays the same , long string
45
tetrad
2 cell planes , square of 4 cells
46
sarcinae is
3 different planes - 8 cells - square shaped
47
staphlococci
a large group of cells
48
palisade
arrangement of bacilli there thry look like a cluster of pills
49
capsules in glycoalyces
hard for the immune system to find
50
glycocalyx bacteria has a smile layer that
sticks to surfaces
51
flagellin
movement of cell
52
peritrichous flagella
all over the cell
53
single polar flagellum
is larger than the body
54
tuft of polar flagella
multiple strands off of one main
55
what is a tumbled flagellated bacteria
random flagular motion
56
corrinated , counter clockwise movement of the flaggella is known as
run
57
frimbria
numberus smaller grapaling hooks adhere to substances and eachother - pathogens
58
pilli
specialized type of fimbria sexual bacteria share chromosomes with eachother - resistance too drug can be transported via the pilli - dosent even have to be the same species
59
petidoglycan
polysaccharide comprimised of repeating N-acetylglucosamine and N acetylmurmic acid NAM NAG
60
what does petidoglycan make up
cell membrane of the bacteria cell
61
what are the two basic types of cell walls
gram positive cell walls - thick and one - no outermembrane gram negative bacteria - thin cell wall , surrounded by outer wall - the most problematic, cell wall that protects it - lipid A
62
the gram stain uses what stain
crystal violet
63
explain the gram stain process
slide flooded with crystal violet then rinced slide flooded with iodine then rinced - all cells are purple slide flooded with ethanol ans acetone then rince - smear is decolourized gram pos will be colourless gram neg will be will remain purple slide is flooded with safranin - gram pos remain purple - gram neg turn pink
64
bacterial cells dont have nucleous but do have
a nucleotide region
65
bacterial cells have no organelles but do
have inclusion bodies that can store starch and gas
66
endospores are produced by what bacteria
bacillus , clostridium
67
endospores are important for bacteria when
environment is harsh
68
how are endospores formed
dna is replicated dna aligns along the cells long axis cytoplasmic membrane invaginates to form forespore cytoplasmic membrane grows within a membrane and engulfs forespore within a seocnd membrane cortex of calcium and dipicolinic acid is deposited between the membrane spore coat forms around endospore endospore matures , completion of spore coat and increases resistance to heat and chemicals by unknown process endospore is released from original cell
69
the lag phase is there because
the bacteria need time to make enzymes to digest the nutrients
70
in the exponential phase bacteria are especially .....
vulnerable
71
in the stationary phase ...
the population is constant - space and nutrient limit - waste accumulation - super stress tolerant bacteria will survive
72
the death phase occurs when
if nutrients are not added and wastes are not removed ,death of cells exceeds new growth
73
the long term stationary phase has small ups and downs why?
because dying cells give off nutrients that remaining cells feed off of
74
generational time is the time it takes for ......
a population to double
75
psychrophiles and psychrotolerants thrive in ....
very low temps
76
mesophiles survive in
human like temp 20-40 degrees
77
thermophiles and hyperthermophiles grow in
extremely warm conditions
78
what is the downfall of anerobes needing oxygen and what is the solution
peroxides form as a result enzyme catalase or peroxidase or superoxidase dismutase
79
obligate aerobes
peroxides - have a catalase and a peroxidase
80
obligate anaerobes
do not have a catalase or peroxidase small amounts of one potentially
81
facultative anaerobes
aerobes that maintain life via fermentation or anaerobic respiration
82
aerotolerant anaerobes
do not use aerobic metabolism but they tolerate oxygen
83
microaerophiles
require oxygen levels of 2-10%
84
innoculum
is the sample you are trying to grow
85
bacteria that grows on an innoculum is called a
culture
86
a medium is
a collection of nutrients innoculum can grow on
87
a broth is a
liquid media
88
a colony is
visible cultures on a solid media
89
Agar is
a complex of polysaccharide that is derived from cell walls of certain red algae
90
defined synthetic media is
difficult to prepare
91
complex media often contains
nutrients released from partial digestion of beef, yeast or soy often supplemented with blood good for growing fastidious microorganisms
92
selective media
contain substances that either favour the growth of particular microorganisms or inhibit the growth of unwanted ones
93
differential media
either the presence of visible changes in the medium or difference in the appearance of colonies help us differentiate among the kinds of bacteria ex carb utilization tubes RBCs in blood sugar
94
selective and differential media
enhance growth of certain species that can be distinguished from other species by variations in appearance
95
what are some identifying features of microorganisms
shape margin elevation size texture appearance pigmentation optical property
96
serial dilutions
1:10 dilution, 1:00 dilution , 1:1000 dilution

Biomed (9 decks)

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