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Biomed > biomed week 5 > Flashcards

biomed week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

describe cell signalling pathways where second messenger activates a protein kinase

A

cAMP —–> PKA
Ca2+ ———> CaM kinase
Ras ——>—>—-> Map kinase
DAG +Ca 2+ ——> PKC
PI 3 Kinase AKT pathway

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2
Q

describe cell signalling pathways where the receptor directly activates a transcription factor

A

JAK —> STAT
Smad

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3
Q

What are some pathways involved in regulated proteolysis

A

Wnt-beta catenin pathway
NFxB

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4
Q

what are some intracellular receptors

A

steroid hormones
thyroid hormones

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5
Q

non coding RNA affecting transcription is …. and ……

A

miRNA and IncRNA

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6
Q

what are three ways that intracellular signalling cascades can affect transcription?

A

affect transcription factors
affect co activators and co repressors
affect histones remodelling

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7
Q

co activator and co repressors do not ……..

A

bind to DNA directly

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8
Q

an increase in cytosolic cAMP concentration is stimulated by which cell membrane receptor

A

GPRC - Gs

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9
Q

cAMP activates …….

A

cAMP dependant protein kinase

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10
Q

PKA binding of cAMP causes

A

dissociation of catalytic and regulatory subunits

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11
Q

what target proteins does PKA phosphorylate

A

transcription factors
adjacent phosphodiesterase
- rapidly lowers cAMP levels to shut off signal

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12
Q

how does PKA effect transcription factors

A

PKA enters the nucleus and activates CREB

CREB = CRE binding protein
CRE = cAMP response element

CREB stimulates transcription of genes with CRE

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13
Q

activated CREB also recruits a co activator called ……..

A

CREB binding protien (CBP)

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14
Q

CAM kinase can also phosphorylate transcription regulators to ………

A

increase or decrease transcription

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15
Q

PKC functions similarly to ……. which phosphorylates target proteins which activate / inhibit target proteins and transciption factors

A

PKA

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16
Q

what is Ras activated by

A

receptor tyrosine kinase

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17
Q

active Ras triggers ………. ending with ……

A

a series of activation via phosphoralization reactions

the activation of MAP kinase

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18
Q

AKT acitivates

A

a wide variety of targets including transcription factors

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19
Q

mTOR complex 1 activates

A

a variety of targets including transcription factors involved in ribosome production for increased protein synthesis

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20
Q

PI 3 kinase AKT pathway

A

AKT can activate transcription factors

TOR inhibits 4E-BP
4E -BP inhibits elF4E, but 4E-BP is being inhibited. therefore elF4E is able to increase production of ribosomes

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21
Q

JAK is a ……… activated by ……..

A

cytosolic tyrosine kinase

activated by cytokine ligand binding to its cell membrane receptor

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22
Q

JAK phosphorylates and activates transcription factors called ……. , once activated travel to the nucleus and regulate gene expression

A

STATS

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23
Q

Smad is initiated by the activation of receptor. ………

A

serine/threonine kinases

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24
Q

serine / threonine kinases are activated by …….. and …….

A

TGF beta and BMP ligands

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25
Q

once Smad is activated , it ………… and forms …….. which travels to ……..

A

dissociates from receptor

a complex with a coSmad

the nucleus and associates with other translation factors and co regulators to control transcription

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26
Q

Wnt regulates what?

A

proteolysis of a multi functional protein B-catenin

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27
Q

without Wnt signalling, B catenin is phosphorylated and targeted via

A

ubiquirylation for destruction by a B catenin degradation complex

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28
Q

how do steroid hormones bind to the receptors in the cytosol

A

diffuses into the cytoplasm

this displaces an inhibitory protein bound to the inactive receptor

receptor will dimerize and travel to the cell nucleus

in the nucleus the receptor will bind to a DNA sequence specific to the steroid receptor

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29
Q

the thyroid hormone receptor is located ……… already bound to …..

A

the nucleus

DNA

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30
Q

miRNA process

A

transcription of miRNA forms a primary transcript

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31
Q

further processing by a number of enzymes produces ………

A

smaller and smaller miRNA segments

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32
Q

miRNA associated with proteins to form a ………..

A

RNA induced silencing complex

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33
Q

base pairing of the miRNA can either :

A

induce mRNA cleavage and destruction
repress translation

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34
Q

the net effect of miRNA within the RISC complex is

A

to silence mRNA post transcription

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35
Q

incRNA can funtion in many ways to modify transcription by

A

promoting gene transcription

supress gene transcription

promote chromatin modification directly

stablize protein complexes that modify chromatin structure

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36
Q

what shape is a coccus

A

a sphere shaped bacteria

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37
Q

coccobacillus is

A

a half sphere half pill shaped bacteria

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38
Q

bacillus is

A

a pill shaped bacteria

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39
Q

virbrio is

A

a bacteria shaped like a worm , thinner on one end

40
Q

binary fission is

A

the replication of bacteria
- two daughter cells

41
Q

snapping division

A

is when the cell snaps and ruptures the cell wall to separate into two cells

42
Q

the budding reproduction is

A

DNA replicated

one daughter DNA molecule is moved into a bud

a yound bud is formed and detaches

43
Q

diplococci

A

when a cell divides it doubles and sticks together

44
Q

streptococci

A

they stay together , plane of division stays the same , long string

45
Q

tetrad

A

2 cell planes , square of 4 cells

46
Q

sarcinae is

A

3 different planes - 8 cells - square shaped

47
Q

staphlococci

A

a large group of cells

48
Q

palisade

A

arrangement of bacilli there thry look like a cluster of pills

49
Q

capsules in glycoalyces

A

hard for the immune system to find

50
Q

glycocalyx bacteria has a smile layer that

A

sticks to surfaces

51
Q

flagellin

A

movement of cell

52
Q

peritrichous flagella

A

all over the cell

53
Q

single polar flagellum

A

is larger than the body

54
Q

tuft of polar flagella

A

multiple strands off of one main

55
Q

what is a tumbled flagellated bacteria

A

random flagular motion

56
Q

corrinated , counter clockwise movement of the flaggella is known as

A

run

57
Q

frimbria

A

numberus smaller
grapaling hooks
adhere to substances and eachother
- pathogens

58
Q

pilli

A

specialized type of fimbria
sexual
bacteria share chromosomes with eachother

  • resistance too drug can be transported via the pilli
  • dosent even have to be the same species
59
Q

petidoglycan

A

polysaccharide comprimised of repeating N-acetylglucosamine and N acetylmurmic acid

NAM NAG

60
Q

what does petidoglycan make up

A

cell membrane of the bacteria cell

61
Q

what are the two basic types of cell walls

A

gram positive cell walls
- thick and one
- no outermembrane

gram negative bacteria
- thin cell wall , surrounded by outer wall
- the most problematic, cell wall that protects it
- lipid A

62
Q

the gram stain uses what stain

A

crystal violet

63
Q

explain the gram stain process

A

slide flooded with crystal violet then rinced

slide flooded with iodine then rinced
- all cells are purple

slide flooded with ethanol ans acetone then rince
- smear is decolourized

gram pos will be colourless
gram neg will be will remain purple

slide is flooded with safranin
- gram pos remain purple
- gram neg turn pink

64
Q

bacterial cells dont have nucleous but do have

A

a nucleotide region

65
Q

bacterial cells have no organelles but do

A

have inclusion bodies that can store starch and gas

66
Q

endospores are produced by what
bacteria

A

bacillus , clostridium

67
Q

endospores are important for bacteria when

A

environment is harsh

68
Q

how are endospores formed

A

dna is replicated

dna aligns along the cells long axis

cytoplasmic membrane invaginates to form forespore

cytoplasmic membrane grows within a membrane and engulfs forespore within a seocnd membrane

cortex of calcium and dipicolinic acid is deposited between the membrane

spore coat forms around endospore

endospore matures , completion of spore coat and increases resistance to heat and chemicals by unknown process

endospore is released from original cell

69
Q

the lag phase is there because

A

the bacteria need time to make enzymes to digest the nutrients

70
Q

in the exponential phase bacteria are especially …..

A

vulnerable

71
Q

in the stationary phase …

A

the population is constant
- space and nutrient limit
- waste accumulation
- super stress tolerant bacteria will survive

72
Q

the death phase occurs when

A

if nutrients are not added and wastes are not removed ,death of cells exceeds new growth

73
Q

the long term stationary phase has small ups and downs why?

A

because dying cells give off nutrients that remaining cells feed off of

74
Q

generational time is the time it takes for ……

A

a population to double

75
Q

psychrophiles and psychrotolerants thrive in ….

A

very low temps

76
Q

mesophiles survive in

A

human like temp 20-40 degrees

77
Q

thermophiles and hyperthermophiles grow in

A

extremely warm conditions

78
Q

what is the downfall of anerobes needing oxygen and what is the solution

A

peroxides form as a result

enzyme catalase or peroxidase or superoxidase dismutase

79
Q

obligate aerobes

A

peroxides - have a catalase and a peroxidase

80
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

do not have a catalase or peroxidase
small amounts of one potentially

81
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

aerobes that maintain life via fermentation or anaerobic respiration

82
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes

A

do not use aerobic metabolism but they tolerate oxygen

83
Q

microaerophiles

A

require oxygen levels of 2-10%

84
Q

innoculum

A

is the sample you are trying to grow

85
Q

bacteria that grows on an innoculum is called a

A

culture

86
Q

a medium is

A

a collection of nutrients innoculum can grow on

87
Q

a broth is a

A

liquid media

88
Q

a colony is

A

visible cultures on a solid media

89
Q

Agar is

A

a complex of polysaccharide that is derived from cell walls of certain red algae

90
Q

defined synthetic media is

A

difficult to prepare

91
Q

complex media often contains

A

nutrients released from partial digestion of beef, yeast or soy

often supplemented with blood

good for growing fastidious microorganisms

92
Q

selective media

A

contain substances that either favour the growth of particular microorganisms or inhibit the growth of unwanted ones

93
Q

differential media

A

either the presence of visible changes in the medium or difference in the appearance of colonies help us differentiate among the kinds of bacteria

ex carb utilization tubes
RBCs in blood sugar

94
Q

selective and differential media

A

enhance growth of certain species that can be distinguished from other species by variations in appearance

95
Q

what are some identifying features of microorganisms

A

shape
margin
elevation
size
texture
appearance
pigmentation
optical property

96
Q

serial dilutions

A

1:10 dilution, 1:00 dilution , 1:1000 dilution

Biomed (9 decks)

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