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Physical Education > Biomechanics revision > Flashcards

Biomechanics revision Flashcards

1
Q

Motor skill definition

A

A motor skill is a voluntary, goal-directed activity that is learnt through practice and experience. They are a type of skill that requires movement of the body or limbs to achieve a goal.

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2
Q

What are motor-skills classified under?

A

Movement precision
Type of movement
Predictability of movement

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of movement precision motor skills?

A

Gross motor skills

Fine motor skills

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4
Q

What are gross motor skills and an example?

A

Gross motor skills are motor skills that involve the recruitment of large muscle groups and do not have a focus on precision. For example, running.

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5
Q

What are fine motor skills and an example?

A

Motor skills that involve the recruitment of smaller muscle groups and are used in movements requiring precisions, such as throwing a dart

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of ‘type of movement motor skills’?

A

Discrete motor skills
Serial motor skills
Continuous motor skills

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7
Q

What are discrete motor skills and an example?

A

Motor skills that have an obvious beginning and end, like kicking a football.

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8
Q

What are serial motor skills and an example?

A

Refers to multiple discrete motor skills being completed in one sequence, such as a gymnastics floor routine.

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9
Q

What are continuous motor skills and an example?

A

Motor skills that have no definitive beginning and end, like walking.

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of ‘predictability of movement motor skills’?

A

Closed

Open

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11
Q

What is a closed motor skill and an example?

A

Is a movement that is self-paced and is in a predictable environment that the individual has large control over. Eg; throwing darts

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12
Q

What is an open motor skill and an example?

A

Is a movement that is externally paced and is in unpredictable conditions/environment, such as surfing.

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13
Q

What are the 3 stages of learning?

A

Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous

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14
Q

What is the link between motor skill development, participation and performance?

A

Those who participate in sport more and more likely to develop their motor skills and therefore perform better. By performing better, they will probably find more enjoyment in the sport and hence, be more likely to continue to participate it, again improving their motor skills, improving their performance and so on.

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15
Q

What are the 4 main principles of a qualitative movement analysis?

A

Preparation
Observation
Evaluation
Error correction

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16
Q

How is a QMA test reliable?

A

The test must reproduce similar results when conducted under similar conditions, contexts and situations.

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17
Q

How is a QMA test valid?

A

The test’s capacity must measure what it is intended to measure. For example, if a test is designed to measure height of jump, it shouldn’t worry about speed of run up.

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18
Q

What are constraints?

A

Constraints are boundaries that shape a learners self-organising movement patterns, cognitions and decision making process. They influence the way people process information, make decisions and move.

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19
Q

3 types of constraints

A

Individual constraints
Environmental constraints
Task constraints

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20
Q

Individual constraints examples

A

Body size (height and weight)
Fitness level
Mental skills
Decision making skills

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21
Q

Environmental constraints examples

A 
Where a player was raised
Weather conditions
Quality of facilities
Cultural norms of community (eg; Australians play AFL but if you grew up in USA you are unlikely to play it compared to Aus)
Peer groups
Sport club culture
Social expectations
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22
Q

Task constraints examples

A

Rules of sport
Equipment used
Player numbers
Ground dimensions

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23
Q

What does the preparation stage of a QMA involve?

A

Developing an observation strategy based on knowledge of the game and characteristics of skills in the sport.
Determining the purpose of the analysis
Determining the player to be observed, the focus and how the player will be monitored

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24
Q

What does the QMA observation stage involve?

A

Recording and live-analyzing a player’s performance.

Also observing team dynamics, if team sticks to gameplan and the opponents pattern of play.

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25
Q

What does the QMA evaluation stage involve?

A

Judging quality of performance

Deciding the problems of the performance, what caused it and how it can be addressed.

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26
Q

Describe the cognitive stage of learning

A

Beginner stage of learning where the person is mentally trying to comprehend movement requirements of the motor skill.

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27
Q

Learning characteristics of cognitive stage

A

Learner asks lots of questions
Movements will be stiff and unrelaxed
Poor error detection and correction abilities

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28
Q

Coaching considerations for cognitive learners

A

Don’t overload info

Repeating skill in same task is key to development

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29
Q

Describe the associative stage of learning

A

Intermediate stage where learner is beginning to refine their technique and pattern of skills

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30
Q

Learning characteristics of associative stage

A

Increased consistency and fewer errors
Better error correction and detection abilities
Can focus on external stimuli, like defenders, while performing skill

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31
Q

Describe the autonomous stage of learning

A

Advanced/elite stage where skill is largely automatic and the learner does not have to think about skill to do it.

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32
Q

Learning characteristics of autonomous stage

A

Only small room for growth/improvement

Small variance in performance

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33
Q

Coaching considerations for associative stage

A

Introduce external stimuli

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34
Q

Coaching considerations for autonomous stage

A

Offering precise feedback

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35
Q

Biomechanics definition

A

The science of living things from a mechanical perspective

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36
Q

Force definition

A

A push or pull

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37
Q

How does force affect objects?

A

Changes the shape of object

Moves the object

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38
Q

Force equation

A

Force = mass x acceleration

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39
Q

What is the difference between mass and weight?

A

Mass is the amount of matter in an object while weight is the force exerted on an object by gravity.

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40
Q

What does Newton’s 3rd Law state?

A

Newton’s 3rd Law states: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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41
Q

General motion definition

A

Refers to a complex combination of movements, such as running (many parts working together to move a body in a direction)

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42
Q

What is projectile motion?

A

Refers to when an object is launched into the air and is only affected by forces of gravity and air resistance.

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43
Q

What are examples of projectiles in sport?

A

A ball that has been kicked in foopy
Hitting a shuttlecock in badminton
Throwing a javelin

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44
Q

What components influence the flight path of a projectile?

A

Vertical and horizontal components

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45
Q

What is the vertical component of a projectile affected by?

A

Gravity

Initial projection velocity/speed

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46
Q

What is the horizontal component of a projectile affected by?

A

Air resistance

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47
Q

What factors affect the path of a projectile?

A

Height of release
Speed of release
Angles of release

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48
Q

What is the optimal angle of release for maximal distance?

A

45 degrees

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49
Q

What is the optimal speed of release for maximal distance?

A

Maximal speed

50
Q

What is the optimal height of release for maximal distance?

A

Maximal height

51
Q

What are the 3 types of levers?

A 
1st class lever
2nd class lever
3rd class lever
52
Q

What is an example of a 1st class lever?

A

Seesaw

Extending head

53
Q

What is an example of a 2nd class lever?

A

Wheelbarrow

Standing on tip-toes

54
Q

What is an example of a 3rd class lever

A

Flexing elbow (bicep curls, throwing a ball)

55
Q

What are 4 types of feedback?

A

Intrinsic feedback
Augmented feedback
Knowledge of results
Knowledge of performance

56
Q

What is intrinsic feedback?

A

Intrinsic feedback is when performers use their own senses to assess their performance using visual, auditory, proprioception and touch feedback.

57
Q

What is augmented feedback?

A

When coaches provide feedback on how to improve/correct errors that the performer may not know how to do themself.

58
Q

What is knowledge of results?

A

Refers to specific feedback about the outcome of the task.

59
Q

What is knowledge of performance?

A

Refers to the advice given on how to improve skills being used in performance of a task.

60
Q

3 purposes of external feedback

A

Fixing errors
Motivation
Reinforcement

61
Q

Mechanical advantage of a 2nd class lever

A

Allows a person to lift heavier objects with less effort

62
Q

Mechanical advantage of a 3rd class lever

A

Longer range of motion allows for greater generation of velocity, but will require more force to overcome the inertia.

63
Q

What are the 2 types of coaching?

A

Direct coaching

Constraints-based coaching

64
Q

What is direct coaching?

A

Rigid coaching that provides feedback on every practice attempt, largely about techniques

65
Q

What is constraints based coaching?

A

When coaches use boundaries or place restrictions on the learner.

66
Q

What are some benefits of constraints based coaching?

A

Develops active problem solving
Better transfer of skills to in-game
Makes practice more interesting, keeps learner engaged

67
Q

What is perception action coupling?

A

Describes the reciprocal relationship between what the performer sees and action they take. The performers perception will influence their actions and vice versa.

68
Q

Social factors that affect motor skill development

A 
Family
Time
Self-belief/perceived competency
Role models
Access to equipment/facilities
69
Q

Cultural factors that affect motor skill development

A

Education
Geographic location
Values
Attitude

70
Q

What is summation of momentum?

A

Refers to the sequential transfer of momentum from larger body parts closer to the body’s center of gravity to smaller body parts further away from the center of gravity. As a result of summation of momentum, an object that is thrown, kicked or hit can be released/struck at maximal velocity.

71
Q

Inertia definition

A

Refers to the tendency for a body to resist a change in its state of motion, whether that state is rest or constant velocity.

72
Q

How does one change an objects motion?

A

By applying more force than inertia

73
Q

Momentum definition

A

Momentum is a measure of the amount of motion an object has and its resistance to changing that motion.

74
Q

Momentum equation

A

Momentum = mass x velocity

75
Q

How much momentum does a still object have?

A

Zero

76
Q

Two objects collide. What one continues in the direction it was going?

A

The one with greater momentum

77
Q

State Newton’s 1st Law and an example.

A

Newton’s 1st law states that a body will remain at rest or in constant motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. For example, a soccer ball will not move on a flat pitch unless it is kicked by a boot (external force).

78
Q

What is linear motion?

A

Linear motion is the movement of a body along a straight or curved path where all parts move in the same direction at the same speed.

79
Q

What is the difference between distance and displacement?

A

Distance refers to the total path travelled from start to finish, regardless of direction whereas displacement refers to the change of position from initial start point to final end point.

80
Q

What is the difference between speed and velocity?

A

Speed is how fast something travels whereas velocity is how fast something changes position

81
Q

Acceleration definition

A

Refers to a change in velocity in a given period of time.

82
Q

What is angular motion?

A

Component of general motion that involves rotation around a central axis/fixed point. Eg; foot rotating around ankle axis during running (general motion)

83
Q

What is an internal axis of rotation?

A

Joints in the body

84
Q

What is an external axis of rotation?

A

A body’s center of gravity.

85
Q

What is torque?

A

An object’s tendency to rotate

86
Q

Torque equation

A

Torque = force x length of lever arm

87
Q

What is angular distance?

A

Refers to the sum of all of the angular changes the body undergoes in a movement. For example, a double somersault = 720 degrees total angular distance travelled.

88
Q

What is angular displacement

A

Refers to the difference between initial angle of position and final angle of position.

89
Q

Angular speed equation

A

Angular distance covered/time

90
Q

Angular velocity equation

A

Angular displacement covered/time

91
Q

Angular acceleration definition

A

How fast a body changes its angular position

92
Q

State Newton’s 2nd Law and an example

A

Newton’s 2nd Law states that a force applied to an object will produce a change in motion in the direction of the applied force proportional to the size of the force

93
Q

Define moment of inertia

A

Refers to an object’s resistance to change in angular motion

94
Q

Moment of inertia equation

A

Moment of inertia = mass x radius2

95
Q

Linear velocity equation

A

Linear velocity = radius of rotation x angular velocity

96
Q

Impulse definition

A

Impulse is the change in momentum of an object

97
Q

Impulse equation

A

force x time

98
Q

What is the principle of conservation of momentum?

A

The principle of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum before a collision is equal to the total momentum after a collision.

99
Q

Real life example of conservation of momentum

A

A hockey stick hits a resting puck. The total momentum of both the hockey stick and puck before the collision is the same as after the collision as the momentum from the stick is transferred onto the puck and vice versa. The stick stops moving afterwards, meaning the momentum is zero, like the pucks was, and the puck moves in proportion to the size of the sticks force, meaning the momentum it now moves with is the same momentum as the stick did.

100
Q

4 factors that should be considered when choosing practice models

A
  • Part or whole practice
  • Amount of practice
  • Distribution of practice
  • Variability of practice
101
Q

What is part practice?

A

Learning a skill by separating it into different segments and learning each one at a time. Eg; learning how to serve in tennis, start with ball toss, then racquet raise, then follow through, rather than all at once.

102
Q

Who would benefit from part practice?

A

Cognitive learners as it prevents them from being overloaded with information.

103
Q

What is whole practice?

A

Learning a skill and its segments all at once.

104
Q

Types of distribution of practice

A

Distributed practice

Massed practice

105
Q

What is distributed practice?

A

Involves shorter, but more frequent, training sessions. It also includes longer rest breaks between tasks as practice is often performed at a higher intensity.

106
Q

What is massed practice?

A

Involves longer, but less frequent, training sessions. It includes shorter rest breaks between tasks.

107
Q

What type of athlete uses distributed practice?

A

Often used for full-time professional teams.

108
Q

What type of athlete uses massed practice?

A

Often used for non-professional/casual teams, as training needs to be scheduled around other commitments such as school, work etc.

109
Q

Types of variability of practice

A

Blocked

Random

110
Q

What is blocked practice?

A

Blocked practice refers to practicing the same skill continuously without changing to a different task.

111
Q

What is random practice?

A

Random practice refers to varied sequencing of different motor skills in the same training session.

112
Q

What practice variability is better suited for cognitive learners?

A

Blocked practice as they are still trying to understand the skill, so conditions should be as stable as possible, which blocked practice allows for.

113
Q

What is friction?

A

Friction is what opposes the motion of an object.

114
Q

What is drag force and where does it occur?

A

Drag force is a force that opposes the direction of motion of an object, slowing it down. It occurs in water and air environments.

115
Q

Equilibrium definition

A

Equilibrium is when all forces and torque are balanced.

116
Q

What are the 2 types of equilibrium?

A

Static

Dynamic

117
Q

What is static equilibrium?

A

Refers to when an object is not moving/rotating and the sum of their force and torque equals zero.

118
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

Is when an object is moving with constant velocity.

119
Q

Stability definition

A

The resistance to the disruption of equilibrium

120
Q

Balance definition

A

Ability to control equilibrium

121
Q

4 factors that affect stability

A

Base of support
Center of gravity
Body mass
Friction between surfaces

122
Q

How can stability be increased?

A

Increasing size of base of support
Lowering center of gravity
Ensuring line of gravity falls within base of support, not in front or behind it
Increase friction between surfaces
Extending base of support in direction of oncoming force (placing foot forward)

Physical Education (6 decks)

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