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Biomechanics > biomechanics of upper limb and spine > Flashcards

biomechanics of upper limb and spine Flashcards

1
Q

how many carpal bones are there at the wrist

A

8

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2
Q

how many vertebrae in the spine

A

24 + sacrum and coccyx

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3
Q

name the 4 articulations involved in the shoulder joint

A

glenohumeral
acromioclavicular
sternoclavicular
scapulothoracic

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4
Q

is the glenoid fossa shallow or deep?

A

shallow&raquo_space; wide range of motion but not very stable

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5
Q

what anatomical structure aids the stability of the glenohumeral joint?

A

glenoid labrum - a thick cartilaginous rim

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6
Q

name the muscles of the rotator cuff

A

subscapularis
supraspinatous
infraspinatous
teres minor

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7
Q

what does the rotator cuff do

A

pushes on the humeral head so prevents any anterior/posterior movement

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8
Q

what forms the acromioclaviular joint

A

acromion of the scapula

distal clavicle

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9
Q

what does the sternoclavicular joint connect?

A

manubrium of the sternum and the proximal clavicle

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10
Q

what type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

synovial

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11
Q

name the only bony joint connecting the shoulder girdle to the trunk

A

sternoclavicular joint

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12
Q

what ligament provides further stability to the a/c joint?

A

the 2 parts of the coracoclavicular ligament (between the clavicle and the coracoid process of the scapula) - they limit upwards movement of the clavicle

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13
Q

how much does the clavicle elevate during the first 90 degrees of arm elevation?

A

about 4 degrees for every 10 degrees of arm elevation

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14
Q

during elevation and depression what forms the axis of rotation of the clavicle?

A

the costoclavicular ligament

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15
Q

what type of articulation is the scapulothoracic joint?

A

bone - muscle - bone articulation between the scapula and posterior thoracic wall

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16
Q

what separates the anterior surface of the scapula from the posterior thorax?

A

two broad flat muscles:

  • serrates anterior
  • subscapularis
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17
Q

serratus anterior

  • origin and insertion?
  • what does it prevent?
  • what movement is it strong at?
A
  • origin: upper 8 or 9 ribs
  • insertion: anterior surface of scapula along its vertebral border
  • prevents winging
  • strong abductor
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18
Q

subscapularis

  • origin and insertion?
  • what movement of the humerus does it allow?
A
  • origin: subscapular fossa
  • insertion: lesser tubercle of the humerus
  • medially rotates the humerus
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19
Q

ranges of shoulder motion

  • forward flexion
  • abduction
  • backward extension
  • adduction if arm in front of trunk
A
  • forward flexion and abduction: 180 degrees
  • backward extension: 60 degrees
  • adduction if arm in front of the trunk: 75 degrees
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20
Q

total range of internal and external rotation of the shoulder

A

180 degrees

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21
Q

ranges of horizontal flexion and extension of the shoulder

A

horizontal flexion - 135 degrees

horizontal extension - 45 degrees

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22
Q

most common shoulder dislocation

A

anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral articulation

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23
Q

most likely arm position for an anterior shoulder dislocation to occur

A

abducted and extended horizontally

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24
Q

name the 3 synovial articulations of the elbow joint

A

humeroradial
humerounlar
proximal radioulnar

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25
Q

describe the articulations at the elbow

A

capitulum of humerus > head of radius
trochlea of humerus > trochlear fossa of ulna
head of radius > radial notch of ulna

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26
Q

total range of flexion/extension of the elbow

A

140 degrees
(because 180 degrees when fully extended and full flexion results in a distance of about 40 degrees between the humerus and the forearm&raquo_space; 180 - 40)

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27
Q

what allows pronation and supination of the elbow

A

rotation of the head of the radius in the radial notch of the ulna

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28
Q

name the ligamentous sling that binds the radius to the ulna

A

annular ligament

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29
Q

total range of pronation/supination of the elbow

A

around 150 degrees

  • 70 pronation
  • 80 supination
30
Q

how is side to side stability of the elbow achieved

A

the 2 collateral ligaments

31
Q

what is the olecranon process well suited for

A

resting forces in anteroposterior and posteroanterior directions

32
Q

what muscle assists the lateral collateral ligament at the elbow

A

aconeus muscle

33
Q

what is more important functionally - valgus or varus stability of the elbow?

A

valgus

34
Q

why do muscle forces at the elbow need to be so high?

A

they tend to have small moment arms compared to externally applied forces

35
Q

name the carpal bones

A

distal > medial
proximal row: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform
distal row: Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate

36
Q

what muscle inserts onto the pisiform? why is this valuable for movement?

A

flexor carpi lunaris

the pisiform increases the lever arm of this muscle

37
Q

function of the flexor carpi ulnaris

A

flexion and adduction of the wrist

38
Q

name the articulations present at the wrist

A

radoiocarpal joint
mid carpal joints
inter carpal joints
carpometacarpal joints

39
Q

what bones are involved in the radoiocarpal joint?

A

scaphoid and lunate

40
Q

what type of joint is the radoiocarpal joint?

A

condyloid

41
Q

how does the triquetrum articulate with the ulna?

A

via a triangular shaped inter-articular disc which occupies the ulnocarpal space

42
Q

at which joint of the wrist does 60 % of flexion occur

A

mid carpal joint

43
Q

range of motion of the wrist joint

  • f/e?
  • ab/adduction?
A

flexion - 80 - 90
extension - 70 - 80
abduction - 15 - 20
adduction - 35

44
Q

if a wrist joint was surgically immobilised, should it be fixed in a degree of extension or flexion

A

extension - around 15 degrees

45
Q

how many metacarpals and phalanges are there in the hand?

A

5 metacarpals

14 phalanges

46
Q

which is the most freely moving carpometacarpal joint and why? what type of joint is it?

A

between the trapezium and the 1st metacarpal, allowing the thumb to oppose the fingers
its a saddle joint

47
Q

what do inter-metacarpal joints share joint capsules with

A

CMC joints

48
Q

metacarpophalangeal - which type of joint?

A

condyloid

49
Q

2 examples of condyloid joints

A

radoiocarpal joint

metacarpophalangeal joints

50
Q

PIP and DIP - which type of joint?

A

hinge

51
Q

what movements do MCP joints allow

A

flexion
extension
abduction
adduction

52
Q

describe an effect of wrist position on altering the functional lengths of muscle tendons that cross it

A

when the wrist is flexed it becomes difficult to fully flex the fingers

53
Q

how many unfused vertebrae are there in the spine? describe the break down

A

24

  • 7 C
  • 12 T
  • 5 L

fused:
sacral (5)
coccygeal (4)

54
Q

how many articulations exist between vertebrae and what are they

A

3

  • main one is at the body via IV disc
  • other 2 = facet joints
55
Q

in which segment of the spine is the nucleus pulpous slightly posterior rather than directly in the centre

A

lumbar

56
Q

is the nucleus pulpous hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

strongly hydrophilic

57
Q

what is the annulus fibrosis composed of

A

collagen fibres which form concentric layers (lamellae)

58
Q

what does c1 not have?

A

a body

59
Q

what protrudes superiorly from c2 that sits in c1

A

dens (odontoid) process

60
Q

what type of joint does the dens form with the oval fossa of the atlas

A

synovial

61
Q

in the thoracic spine what is each vertebra attached to

A

pair of ribs

62
Q

what parts of the vertebra does a rib articulate with

A

body and transverse process

63
Q

head of rib attaches to ? of vertebra

A

body

64
Q

? of rib attaches to transverse process

A

tubercle

65
Q

what about ribs 2 - 9 articulations allows the ribs to move during breathing

A

they articulate with the body of the vertebra above

66
Q

in old age, range of movement of the spine is about ? that of youth

A

around half

67
Q

in the lumbar spine, up to what degree of flexion occurs in the lumbar spine?

A

50 - 60

thereafter bending occurs by tilting of the pelvis

68
Q

range of rotation greatest between which 2 vertebrae?

A

c1 and c2

69
Q

how much lateral bending occurs between c1 and c2

A

none

70
Q

is the junction between the lumbar spine and sacrum stiff or mobile?

A

very mobile

Biomechanics (4 decks)

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