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biomechanics of upper limb and spine Flashcards

1
Q

how many carpal bones are there at the wrist

A

8

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2
Q

how many vertebrae in the spine

A

24 + sacrum and coccyx

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3
Q

name the 4 articulations involved in the shoulder joint

A

glenohumeral
acromioclavicular
sternoclavicular
scapulothoracic

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4
Q

is the glenoid fossa shallow or deep?

A

shallow&raquo_space; wide range of motion but not very stable

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5
Q

what anatomical structure aids the stability of the glenohumeral joint?

A

glenoid labrum - a thick cartilaginous rim

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6
Q

name the muscles of the rotator cuff

A

subscapularis
supraspinatous
infraspinatous
teres minor

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7
Q

what does the rotator cuff do

A

pushes on the humeral head so prevents any anterior/posterior movement

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8
Q

what forms the acromioclaviular joint

A

acromion of the scapula

distal clavicle

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9
Q

what does the sternoclavicular joint connect?

A

manubrium of the sternum and the proximal clavicle

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10
Q

what type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

synovial

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11
Q

name the only bony joint connecting the shoulder girdle to the trunk

A

sternoclavicular joint

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12
Q

what ligament provides further stability to the a/c joint?

A

the 2 parts of the coracoclavicular ligament (between the clavicle and the coracoid process of the scapula) - they limit upwards movement of the clavicle

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13
Q

how much does the clavicle elevate during the first 90 degrees of arm elevation?

A

about 4 degrees for every 10 degrees of arm elevation

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14
Q

during elevation and depression what forms the axis of rotation of the clavicle?

A

the costoclavicular ligament

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15
Q

what type of articulation is the scapulothoracic joint?

A

bone - muscle - bone articulation between the scapula and posterior thoracic wall

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16
Q

what separates the anterior surface of the scapula from the posterior thorax?

A

two broad flat muscles:

  • serrates anterior
  • subscapularis
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17
Q

serratus anterior

  • origin and insertion?
  • what does it prevent?
  • what movement is it strong at?
A
  • origin: upper 8 or 9 ribs
  • insertion: anterior surface of scapula along its vertebral border
  • prevents winging
  • strong abductor
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18
Q

subscapularis

  • origin and insertion?
  • what movement of the humerus does it allow?
A
  • origin: subscapular fossa
  • insertion: lesser tubercle of the humerus
  • medially rotates the humerus
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19
Q

ranges of shoulder motion

  • forward flexion
  • abduction
  • backward extension
  • adduction if arm in front of trunk
A
  • forward flexion and abduction: 180 degrees
  • backward extension: 60 degrees
  • adduction if arm in front of the trunk: 75 degrees
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20
Q

total range of internal and external rotation of the shoulder

A

180 degrees

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21
Q

ranges of horizontal flexion and extension of the shoulder

A

horizontal flexion - 135 degrees

horizontal extension - 45 degrees

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22
Q

most common shoulder dislocation

A

anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral articulation

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23
Q

most likely arm position for an anterior shoulder dislocation to occur

A

abducted and extended horizontally

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24
Q

name the 3 synovial articulations of the elbow joint

A

humeroradial
humerounlar
proximal radioulnar

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25
describe the articulations at the elbow
capitulum of humerus > head of radius trochlea of humerus > trochlear fossa of ulna head of radius > radial notch of ulna
26
total range of flexion/extension of the elbow
140 degrees (because 180 degrees when fully extended and full flexion results in a distance of about 40 degrees between the humerus and the forearm >> 180 - 40)
27
what allows pronation and supination of the elbow
rotation of the head of the radius in the radial notch of the ulna
28
name the ligamentous sling that binds the radius to the ulna
annular ligament
29
total range of pronation/supination of the elbow
around 150 degrees - 70 pronation - 80 supination
30
how is side to side stability of the elbow achieved
the 2 collateral ligaments
31
what is the olecranon process well suited for
resting forces in anteroposterior and posteroanterior directions
32
what muscle assists the lateral collateral ligament at the elbow
aconeus muscle
33
what is more important functionally - valgus or varus stability of the elbow?
valgus
34
why do muscle forces at the elbow need to be so high?
they tend to have small moment arms compared to externally applied forces
35
name the carpal bones
distal > medial proximal row: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform distal row: Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
36
what muscle inserts onto the pisiform? why is this valuable for movement?
flexor carpi lunaris | the pisiform increases the lever arm of this muscle
37
function of the flexor carpi ulnaris
flexion and adduction of the wrist
38
name the articulations present at the wrist
radoiocarpal joint mid carpal joints inter carpal joints carpometacarpal joints
39
what bones are involved in the radoiocarpal joint?
scaphoid and lunate
40
what type of joint is the radoiocarpal joint?
condyloid
41
how does the triquetrum articulate with the ulna?
via a triangular shaped inter-articular disc which occupies the ulnocarpal space
42
at which joint of the wrist does 60 % of flexion occur
mid carpal joint
43
range of motion of the wrist joint - f/e? - ab/adduction?
flexion - 80 - 90 extension - 70 - 80 abduction - 15 - 20 adduction - 35
44
if a wrist joint was surgically immobilised, should it be fixed in a degree of extension or flexion
extension - around 15 degrees
45
how many metacarpals and phalanges are there in the hand?
5 metacarpals | 14 phalanges
46
which is the most freely moving carpometacarpal joint and why? what type of joint is it?
between the trapezium and the 1st metacarpal, allowing the thumb to oppose the fingers its a saddle joint
47
what do inter-metacarpal joints share joint capsules with
CMC joints
48
metacarpophalangeal - which type of joint?
condyloid
49
2 examples of condyloid joints
radoiocarpal joint | metacarpophalangeal joints
50
PIP and DIP - which type of joint?
hinge
51
what movements do MCP joints allow
flexion extension abduction adduction
52
describe an effect of wrist position on altering the functional lengths of muscle tendons that cross it
when the wrist is flexed it becomes difficult to fully flex the fingers
53
how many unfused vertebrae are there in the spine? describe the break down
24 - 7 C - 12 T - 5 L fused: sacral (5) coccygeal (4)
54
how many articulations exist between vertebrae and what are they
3 - main one is at the body via IV disc - other 2 = facet joints
55
in which segment of the spine is the nucleus pulpous slightly posterior rather than directly in the centre
lumbar
56
is the nucleus pulpous hydrophobic or hydrophilic
strongly hydrophilic
57
what is the annulus fibrosis composed of
collagen fibres which form concentric layers (lamellae)
58
what does c1 not have?
a body
59
what protrudes superiorly from c2 that sits in c1
dens (odontoid) process
60
what type of joint does the dens form with the oval fossa of the atlas
synovial
61
in the thoracic spine what is each vertebra attached to
pair of ribs
62
what parts of the vertebra does a rib articulate with
body and transverse process
63
head of rib attaches to ? of vertebra
body
64
? of rib attaches to transverse process
tubercle
65
what about ribs 2 - 9 articulations allows the ribs to move during breathing
they articulate with the body of the vertebra above
66
in old age, range of movement of the spine is about ? that of youth
around half
67
in the lumbar spine, up to what degree of flexion occurs in the lumbar spine?
50 - 60 | thereafter bending occurs by tilting of the pelvis
68
range of rotation greatest between which 2 vertebrae?
c1 and c2
69
how much lateral bending occurs between c1 and c2
none
70
is the junction between the lumbar spine and sacrum stiff or mobile?
very mobile

Biomechanics (4 decks)

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