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Biomechanics > biomechanics of lower limb > Flashcards

biomechanics of lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

what movements can the hip perform

A

flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
internal and external rotation
circumduction

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2
Q

what type of joint is the hip

A

synovial

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3
Q

in which plane is the hip joint movement greatest

A

saggital (flexion / extension)

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4
Q

how many degrees of flexion and extension can the hip reach on average

A

140 flexion

20 extension

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5
Q

how many degrees of adduction and abduction can the hip reach on average

A

25 adduction

30 abduction

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6
Q

how many degrees of internal and external rotation can the hip reach on average

A

70 internal rotation

90 external rotation

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7
Q

what range of movement is required in the hip for performing common daily activities

A

at least 120 degrees of f/e

20 degrees of ab/adduction

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8
Q

in bilateral stance what muscles are usually active at the hip joint

A

none

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9
Q

what muscle activity is needed to stabilise the body during unilateral stance

A

abductor

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10
Q

2 articulations in the knee joint

A

tibiofemoral

patellofemoral

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11
Q

movement of the knee is accounted for largely by which articulation

A

tibiofemoral

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12
Q

menisci are which type of cartilage

A

fibrocartilage

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13
Q

what is the trochlea?

A

smooth anterior depression between the 2 femoral condoyles

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14
Q

what is the intercondylar notch?

A

deep posterior depression between the 2 femoral condoyle

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15
Q

what are wedged in the interocondylar notch?

A

cruciate ligaments

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16
Q

name of a bone found within a tendon

A

sesamoid bone

e.g. patella

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17
Q

which tendon is the patella found within

A

the quadriceps femoris muscle tendon

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18
Q

why does the patella have a central ridge

A

to guide it along the groove

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19
Q

what 2 things does the fibula act as an anchor for

A

biceps femoris muscle

LCL

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20
Q

what causes the screw home mechanism of the knee

A

the medical condoyle is longer than the lateral (normally about 1.7 cm longer)

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21
Q

when is the screw home mechanism in action

A

during the last 20 degrees of extension

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22
Q

as the knee extends the tibia rotates internally or externally?

A

externally

23
Q

at what degree of flexion can the knee maximally rotate

A

90 degrees flexion

24
Q

how much flexion and extension of the knee do we need for daily activities

A

full extension

115 degrees flexion

25
Q

most important function of the patella

A

increasing the lever arm of the quadriceps femoris muscle

26
Q

as the knee flexes, does the contribution of the patella to the length of the lever arm increase or decrease?

A

decreases

27
Q

which part of the menisci has blood supply

A

outer edges

28
Q

name the 3 articulations involved in the ankle joint

A

tibiotalar
fibulotalar
distal tibiofibular

29
Q

what forms the medial and lateral malleoli?

A

lateral - end of fibula

medial - end of tibia

30
Q

3 most important ligaments of the ankle

A

anterior inferior talofibular ligament
medial ligament
lateral ligament

31
Q

what is a sprained ankle and what causes it

A

partial tear of anterior inferior talofibular ligament due o sudden adduction of the foot on a planter flexed ankle

32
Q

how many bones and synovial joints are there in the foot

A

26 bones

57 synovial joints

33
Q

what makes up the hindfoot

A

talus and calcaneus

34
Q

what makes up the midfoot

A

cuboid, medial intermediate and lateral cuneiforms, navicular

35
Q

what makes up the forefoot

A

metatarsals and phalanges

36
Q

what is the subtalar joint the articulation between

A

talus and calcaneus

37
Q

what movement does the subtalar joint allow

A

inversion and eversion

38
Q

what arches does the foot have

A

5 longitudinal

1 transverse

39
Q

what supports the longitudinal arches

A

plantar fascia

40
Q

attachments for plantar fasica

A

calcaneus > proximal phalanges

41
Q

what does swing through gait refer to

A

use of crutches

42
Q

what does the gait cycle start and end with

A

starts with heel contact of one foot and ends with the next heel contact of the same foot

43
Q

what is the difference between the swing phase and the stance phase

A

during the swing phase the foot is not in contact with the ground

44
Q

name the 6 phases of the gait cycle in order

A 
heel contact 
flat foot
mid stance
heel off
toe off
mid swing 
(then heel contact again)
45
Q

when do peak hip flexion and extension occur

A

peak flexion - shortly after mid swing

peak extension - shortly before toe off

46
Q

on a graph of ground reaction force during walking, what will the 2 humps represent

A

1st hump - deceleration of body mass as weight is transferred onto the foot
2nd hump - foot pushing off the ground

47
Q

what type of moment is seen at the knee just after heel contact

A

theres a flexion moment as the hamstrings contract to prevent hyperextension
followed by an extension moment as the quadriceps contract to prevent the knee from buckling

48
Q

what type of moment is seen at the hip just after heel contact

A

positive extension moment produced by the hip extensors to prevent the upper body falling forward

49
Q

why is hip joint force much greater during unilateral standing compared to bilateral standing

A

due to contraction of hip abductor muscles

this pulls the 2 sides of the hip joint together

50
Q

how much rotation of the knee do we need for daily activities

A

about 10 degrees

51
Q

how many degrees of flexion at the knee during gait

A

70

52
Q

range of motion at hip during gait

A

15 degrees extension

30 degrees flexion

53
Q

rage of motion at ankle during gait

A

15 degrees plantar flexion

10 degrees dorsi flexion

54
Q

what does the flexor carpi ulnaris do

A

flexes and adducts the wrist

Biomechanics (4 decks)

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