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Ortho II > Biomechanics III > Flashcards

Biomechanics III Flashcards

1
Q

What is the effect on the bone to the compressed area?

A

Pressure –> resorption (osteoblastic activity)

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2
Q

What is the effect on the bone to the stretched area?

A

Tension –> apposition (osteoblastic activity)

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3
Q

What are the resorption areas? (2)

A
  • Frontal resorption

- undermining resorption

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4
Q

What occurs with frontal resorption? (2)

A
  • LIGHT forces < capillary blood pressure

- Force doesn’t disrupt blood supply

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5
Q

What occurs with undermining resorption? (2)

A
  • HEAVY forces > capillary blood pressure

- Forces block blood supply

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6
Q

Frontal resorption light forces: blood supply?

A

Reduced

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7
Q

Frontal resorption light forces: cells?

2

A
  • cellular activation and differentiation

- local osteoclasts resorb bone

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8
Q

Frontal resorption light forces: resorption?

A

frontal (periodontum - bone)

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9
Q

Frontal resorption light forces: tooth movement?

A

takes place lapsed 4-6 hours

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10
Q

Frontal resorption light forces: tooth movement progression?

A

smooth

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11
Q

Result of continuous light forces? (4)

A
  • osteoclasts initiate resorption of lamina dura from side of PDL
  • 1st wave of osteoclasts derived from PDL itself
  • 2nd wave (larger) from distance areas via blood flow
  • leads to FRONTAL RESORPTION
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12
Q

Undermining resorption heavy forces: Blood supply

A
  • cut off/totally occlude blood vessels
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13
Q

Undermining resorption heavy forces: cells?

4

A
  • cell lysis
  • sterile necrosis
  • hyalinized (36 hours)
  • PDL fibers and cells reorganize
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14
Q

Undermining resorption heavy forces: resorption? (3)

A
  • marrow resorption (bone - periodontum)
  • tunnel resorption
  • osteoclasts com from far away
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15
Q

Undermining resorption heavy forces: necrosis?

A

eliminated

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16
Q

Undermining resorption heavy forces: tooth movement?

A
  • begins at 7-14 days

- jump movement

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17
Q

What does Gianelly 50 gr do?

A

Doesn’t affect vessel bundle

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18
Q

What does Gianelly 100 gr do?

A

Blood supply is reduced

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19
Q

What does Gianelly 150 gr do?

A

Total block of blood supply

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20
Q

Undermining resorption heavy forces: PDL fibers and cells?

A

reorganize

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21
Q

Heavy forces: 3-5 seconds? (2)

A

◼ Minutes: Blood Flow cut off compressed PDL areas

◼ Hours: cell death in compressed area

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22
Q

Heavy forces: 3-5 days? (3)

A

◼ Cell differentiation in adjacent marrow spaces
◼ Osteoclasts get to necrotic spot: tunnel resorption
◼ Undermining resorption begins

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23
Q

Heavy forces: 7-14 days? (3)

A

◼ Resorption of all necrotic material
◼ Resorption removes lamina dura adjacent to compressed PDL
◼ Tooth movement occurs in a “jump”

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24
Q

What are the cellular changes that occur with forces? (4)

A

 Loss of blood flow causes sterile necrosis of the PDL
 A “Hyalinized” area devoid of cells and vasculature
develops
 Osteoclasts appear within the adjacent bone marrow
spaces and begins an attack on the underside of the
bone immediately adjacent to the necrotic PDL area
 An initial delay in tooth movement occurs

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25
Q

There a delay in tooth movement with forces because…? (2)

A

• stimulating cell differentiation in the marrow
• A considerable thickness of bone has to be removed
from the underside

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26
Q

look at slide 12

A

do it

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27
Q

Apposition area? (2)

A
  • later than resorption: transient increase of periodontal space
  • to maintain bone thickness
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28
Q

What does the apposition area need? (3)

A
  • Blood supply
  • Cell proliferation
  • cell activation
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29
Q

What steps occur with apposition? (6)

A
  1. Tension caused by PDL fiber stretching
  2. Negative potentials
  3. Osteoblastic activity deriving from PDL stem cells
  4. Nonabsorbable osteoid tissue formation - 9 or 10 days
  5. Tissue calcification through salt deposit
  6. Reconstruction and organization of fibers
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30
Q

What are the effects on the pulp from force? (4)

A

Transient inflammatory response

  • vessel trauma
  • hyper sensibility or pain
  • spontaneous remission
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31
Q

There is risk of pulp necrosis with force if…(4)

A

◼ Intense and continuous forces with many hyalinizations
◼ Previous trauma to the tooth
◼ Rude intrusion or extrusion movements
◼ More frequent in adults

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32
Q

Pulp from force: devitalized teeth? (2)

A
  • Treatment possible

- more risk of radicular resorption

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33
Q

Root remodeling occurs by…? (3)

A
  • Resorption and apposition of cementum
  • Action of intense and lasting forces
  • Intense load may cause kinking of the root apex
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34
Q

What are the two types of root resorption? (2)

A
  • lateral

- longitudinal

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35
Q

What are the types of lateral root resorption?

A
  • Surface resorption (only cementum

- Deep resorption (cementum and dentin)

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36
Q

What is surface root resorption? (6)

A 
- Lateral resorption
◼ Most frequent
◼ Caused by excessive load and cementoclasts
◼ Microscopic
◼ Can be repaired if forces are removed
 - only cementum
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37
Q

What is deep resorption? (6)

A
  • Lateral resorption
  • Cementum and dentin
    ◼ Macroscopic crater defects
    ◼ Caused by uprooting (tear down)
    ◼ Excessive load
    ◼ Can’t be repaired
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38
Q

What happens with longitudual resprtion?

A
  • Minimal loss can’t be observed on OPG

- Intense continuous lasting forces

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39
Q

Where are longitudinal resorptions more frequent? (4)

A

◼ Lateral upper incisor
◼ Central upper incisor
◼ Lower incisors
◼ 1st lower premolar

(all incisors and 1st lower premolar)

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40
Q

What are the risk factors for longitudinal resorption? (8)

A 
◼ Intense and lasting forces
◼ Conic Sharp roots
◼ Tooth shape anomalies (dilaceration)
◼ Previous trauma
◼ Endodontic treatment
◼ Adults
◼ Tooth with previous resorption
◼ Contact of apex with cortical plate
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41
Q

How do we clinically manage root resorptions? (6)

A

 Explain risk to parents
 Periapical X-ray of lateral upper incisor every 6 months
◼ Periapical X-rays of all teeth
◼ Release force for 4 weeks
◼ Resorption will continue 9-10 days after force release
◼ Formation of nonabsorbable restorative cementum

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42
Q

What does white spot lesions and decalcification signify? (2)

A
  • Absence of hygiene

- Gingival fluid filtration through adhesión material (bad technique)

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43
Q

What happens to the PDL during orthodontic tooth movement ? (2)

A
  • PDL reorganizes from month to month.

- PDL fibers detach from bone and cementum and insert again

44
Q

What is the contraction to force on the PDL?

A
  • active periodontal disease
45
Q

What is needed to apply force on the PDL? (2)

A
  • Healthy periodontal status is necessary

- Controlled periodontal disease may be treated

46
Q

What is the effect of force on the PDL? (5)

A

 Increased periodontal space between resoption-apposition periods
 Increased tooth mobility
 Excessive mobility:
◼ Heavy forces
◼ Discontinue treatment until mobility decreases

47
Q

Position of the teeth determines…

A

The position of the alveolar bone

  • Intrustion: height loss
  • Extrusion: height increase
48
Q

The height of bone attachment along the root will be…

A

about the same at the conclusion of movement as at the beginning (not active
periodontal disease)

49
Q

When does the dehiscence risk occur?

A

when apex close to alveolar cortical plate

50
Q

What is the effect of force on gingival tissue? (2)

A
  • Inflammation (frequent)

- Gingival recessions

51
Q

Force on gingival tissue: inflammation types? (2)

A
  • Marginal gingivitis

- Hyperplasic gingivitis

52
Q

Force on gingival tissue: gingival recessions? (3)

A
  • Excessive labial protrusion
  • Frequent: incisors and canines
  • Hard to repair
53
Q

FACTORS THAT MODIFY BIOLOGIC RESPONSE? (4)

A
  1. FORCE DECAY
  2. INTENSITY
  3. DURATION
  4. TYPE OF MOVEMENT
54
Q

What are the classifications of force decay rate? (3)

A
  • Continuous
  • Interrupted
  • Intermittent
55
Q

What is continuous force decay rate? (2)

A
  • Force maintained at some apreciable fraction of the original from one patient visit to the next. (visit to visit)
  • Fixed appliances
56
Q

What are the types of continuous force decay rate? (2)

A
  • Light forces

- Heavy forces

57
Q

What is a light continuous force decay rate? (2)

A

◼ Smooth and progressive movement since the beginning

◼ IDEAL FORCES

58
Q

What is a heavy continuous force decay rate? (5)

A 
◼ Undermining resorption
◼ No OTM until 7-14 days
◼ Jump to a new position
◼ Destructive forces
◼ Heavy continuous forces are to be avoided
59
Q

What is a interrupted force decay rate? (2)

A
  • Force levels decline to zero between activations.

- Fixed appliances

60
Q

What are the types of interrupted force decay rate?

A
  • light forces

- heavy forces

61
Q

What is a light interrupted force decay rate? (2)

A

◼ Smooth and progressive movement from the beginning

◼ Frontal resorption

62
Q

What is a heavy interrupted force decay rate? (2)

A

◼ Undermining resorption and hyalinization

◼ Allows repair and regeneration between appointments

63
Q

What is intermittent force decay rate? (2)

A

-Force levels decline abruptly to zero
intermittently, when orthodontic appliance is removed.
- Removable appliances

64
Q

How does intermittent force decay rate work? (4)

A

 Removable appliances
 Also during normal function
 To produce tooth movement: at least 6h acting
 Even being high level forces, they’re aceptable because
they allow recovery periods (rest).

65
Q

What are the different intensities that modify biologic response?

A
  • Light
  • Moderate
  • Heavy
  • Extra heavy
66
Q

What is the light intensity that modifies biologic response? (2)

A
  • <25gr

- Intrusion

67
Q

What is the moderate intensity that modifies biologic response? (2)

A
  • 25-50 gr

- extrusion

68
Q

What is the heavy intensity that modifies biologic response? (3)

A
  • 50-75gr
  • inclination
  • rotation
69
Q

What is the extra heavy intensity that modifies biologic response? (3)

A
  • > 75gr
  • Bodily: 100 - 150 gr
  • Torque: 100 - 150 gr
70
Q

What is the duration that modifies biologic response? (2)

A 
 Force acting 4h initiates
biological response
 Human Threshold for
clinical tooth movement:
force acting 6h
71
Q

What is the type of movement that modifies biologic response?

A

PDL response depends on force magnitude and it’s
determined by the surface of an object per unit
area over which that force is distributed

72
Q

What are the optimum forces for OTMs? (6)

A
  • Tipping
  • Bodily movement (translation)
  • Root uprighting
  • Rotation
  • Extrusion
  • Intrusion
73
Q

What is the force required for tipping?

A

35-60 gr

74
Q

What is the force required for bodily movement (translation)?

A

70-120 gr

75
Q

What is the force required for root uprighting?

A

50-100 gr

76
Q

What is the force required for rotation?

A

35-60 gr

77
Q

What is the force required for extrusion?

A

35 - 60 gr

78
Q

What is the force required for intrusion?

A

10 - 20 gr

79
Q

Types of movement that modify biological response: inclination/version?

A

Tooth tilts over center of resistance

80
Q

Where is the PDL compressed with inclination/version ? (2)

A

◼ Near apex on the side following the movement

◼ Alveolar crest on the side opposing movement

81
Q

Where does inclination / version act on the PDL? (3)

A
  • only half the surface of the PDL
  • pressure in this area is high: hyalinization
  • Hazardous movement in adults
82
Q

Where can a tooth be inclined or versed? (4)

A
  • mesial
  • distal
  • lingual
  • buccal
83
Q

How can a tooth be inclined/versed? (2)

A

removable or fixed appliance

84
Q

What is mass or bodily movements? (3)

A
  • Pure translation
  • all PDL surface with the same pressure
  • low risk movement
85
Q

How can pure translations occur?

A
  • Only with fixed appliances and rectangular arch wires
  • all PDL surface withstands the same pressure
  • Low risk movement
  • 100-150 gr
86
Q

How does torque occur?

A

ask

87
Q

What is rotation?

A

Tooth rotates along its axis

88
Q

What are the root types? (2)

A
  • conic

- oval

89
Q

How to conic roots rotate? (3)

A
  • Rotation without pressure
  • Only PDL stretching
  • Allows heavy forces
90
Q

How do oval roots rotate? (2)

A
  • Great areas of pressure on PDL

- Allows heavy forces

91
Q

Does pure rotation exist? (3)

A
  • No
  • always with slight inclination movements
  • don
    t exceed 50-75 gr
92
Q

What is intrusion? (3)

A
  • Force focused on a small surface area of the apex
  • very dangerous movement
  • done very slowly
93
Q

What is extrusion? (4)

A
  • Theoretically no pressure, just tension on PDL
  • easy movement
  • give time for PDL fibers to relax
  • Risk of harming vessels bundle
94
Q

What questions do we ask before applying a force? (6)

A
  1. Force magnitud?
  2. At what distance is the force going to act?
  3. How much time is the force going to act?
  4. What rate of decay is the force going to have?
  5. What direction do I want to apply the force?
  6. How is that force going to distribute along the PDL?
95
Q

What is optimum orthodontic force?

A

That which produces a maximum of desirable biologic
response with minimum tissue damage, resulting in
rapid tooth movement with little or no clinical
discomfort

96
Q

What force causes pain related to orthodontic treatment?

A

Heavy force: immediate pain (PDL crushing)

97
Q

What pain is felt when there is an appropriate force with orthodontic treatment? (5)

A
  • No pain / negligible
    ◼ Related with areas of ischemia within PDL that stimulate pain receptors
    ◼ Slight Hyperemic pulpitis
    ◼ Appears few hours after applying the force
    ◼ Proffit recommends chewing 8h after appliance activation
98
Q

When does pain develop with an appropriate force?

A
  • After several hours
  • Patient feels mild aching sensation and the teeth are quite sensitive to pressure
  • Lasts for 2-4 days and disappears until appliance is reactivated
99
Q

For most patients pain with an orthodontic appliance is most sever with…

A

initial activation

100
Q

Why does pain occur with an appropriate force?

A
  • Due to the development of ischemic areas in the PDL

- Pain is proportional to the area of PDL that has undergone sterile necrosis (hyalinization)

101
Q

What do heavier forces than the appropriate force do in an orthodontic appliance?

A

Produce larger areas of hyalinization and greater pain

102
Q

How can you manage orthodontic pain?

A

Analgesics

ex. acetaminophen

103
Q

What do you do if there is great tooth mobility after force application?

A

Release force and let tooth rest

104
Q

What do you do if there is no tooth movement after applying a force?

A

Have to wait three weeks, don’t apply more force magnitude

105
Q

What should you do every 6 months with an orthodontic appliance?

A

X-ray lateral incisor every 6 months

106
Q

How much rest should there be during the orthodontic movement?

A

periods of rest of 1-2 months

Ortho II (6 decks)

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