biomechanics Flashcards
types of motion
- linear
- angular
linear motion
- occurs when body and its parts move in a line (straight or curved
- all parts move in the same direction at the same time
types of forces
- applied
- gravitational
- friction
applied
- one object exerts on another object
– of the pedal
gravitational
- force of attraction between two bodies of objects
– the body
friction
- occurs when two surfaces come in contact with each other
– the wheel
torque
the turning effect produced by a force
torque- angular motion
involves rotation around a central axis or fixed point
how to increase torque
apply more force to the object
- change lever length
- longer lever greater velocity
conservation of momentum
a measure of the amount of motion an object has and its resistance to changing that motion
- when a collision occurs momentum will be conserved, and passed onto the object with a greater momentum
force summation
- the process of generating maximal force
principles of force summation
- using as many body parts as possible
- activating the stronger larger muscles first- enables them to generate a large amount of force that can be passed on to other body parts
- transfer of momentum from one body part to another when at maximal velocity
- a stable base for maximal acceleration
- follow through to prevent unnecessary deceleration
angular momentum
a measure of how much rotation a body has around an axis
impulse
equal to the change in momentum of an object
- when throwing you increase force by using more body parts
momentum breaker and maker
breaker - impulse remains the same - catching a ball momentum stops
maker - impulse can be increased - a ball with no momentum putting maximal force will increase impulse, also increasing change in momentum
newtons first law
law of inertia- a body will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on an external force
momentum
the quantity of motion a particular body mass has
newtons second law
the law of acceleration- a force applied to an object will produce a change in motion in the direction of the applied force, that is directly proportional to the size of the force
acceleration
how quickly an object changes its velocity in meters
newtons third law
the law of action/reaction- for every action (force/torque applied) there is an equal and opposite reaction
projectile motion
the movement of an object though the air - gravity and air resistance.
factors an athlete can adjust
- speed of release
- angle of release
- height of release
speed of release
- the speed at which an object is thrown, kicked or propelled into the air
- to use as many body parts as possible
height of release
- the difference between the height that a projectile is released from and the height at which it lands
- if the angle and speed are constant, the object released from a higher point will travel further
angle of release
the angle at which a body or object is projected into the air in relation to the horizontal
- desired angle of release should be referenced to 45 degrees
equilibrium
the state of motion either rest or constant velocity during movement where all forces and torques are balanced
- static
- dynamic
static
the degree to which a body resist changing its equilibrium
dynamic
ability to control state of equilibrium
balance
the ability to control equilibrium while stationary or moving
stability
a bodies ability to resist change in its current state
factors that an athlete can manipulate stability
- base of support
- line of gravity
- center of gravity
- body mass
- friction
levers components
- axis- point of rotation
- force
- resistance- load to be overcome
