Biomechanics Flashcards
Quantitative analysis
involves measurement of variables that are thought to optimize or maximize performance
(requires: framework, principles, checklist, techniques)
Qualitative analysis
Involves obtaining information, visually or auditorily,
to asses performance
Internal forces
generated by muscles
- cause individual body movements
External forces
Acting from without (gravity, body contact with ground or
sporting equipment)
- affect total body movements
Linear motion
when all parts of the body move the same distance, in the same direction, at the same time
Angular motion
Occurs when a body moves along a
circular path, through the same angle, in
the same direction, and at the same time
- all joint motions
General motion
A combination of linear and angular
motion
- Includes most athletic and many
everyday activities
Biomechanics
Examines the internal and external
forces acting on the human body
and the effects produced by these
forces
Summation of forces and what principle does it apply to
The combination of forces produced by different parts of the human body
production of maximum velocity requires the use of all possible joint movements from largest to smallest
applies to principle of maximum effort
Force
any action, a push or pull, which tends to cause an object to change
its state of motion by experiencing an acceleration
2 types of motion that result from the application of force and explain
Linear: caused by forces which act through a body’s centre of
mass (throwing a ball, pushing a cart).
Angular motion: is caused by forces that do not go through the centre of mass – cause rotation (flex a joint, move an opponent, open a door).
Line of gravity
imaginary vertical line passing from the centre of gravity of an object down to the ground.
Mass
the measure of how much matter an object has
Center of gravity
an imaginary point around which body weight is evenly distributed
Momentum
is the amount of motion a body possesses (influenced by mass)
First class lever (explain, ex, draw)
Fulcrum (^) is located between the muscular force and the load/resistance
- ex. nod of head
|——-^———-|
v v
force load
fulcrum |
Second class lever (explain, ex, draw)
Load is positioned between force and fulcrum
- ex. ancle
Force
|———|———^
| fulcrum
V
load
Third class lever (explain, ex, draw)
Force between the fulcrum and load
- ex. bicep curl
force
fulcrum ^
V |
—————|———|
|
V
load
Describe relationship between applied force and mass
(constant acceleration) the greater the mass, the greater the applied force needs to get the same acceleration
Describe relationship between acceleration (y) and applied force (x)
(constant mass) the greater the force, the greater the acceleration
Describe relationship between acceleration and mass
(constant applied force) as the soccer ball’s mass increases, it experiences less acceleration from a kick of the same force
Inertia
is the reluctance of an
object to change its state of
motion (from rest to moving,
to moving faster, or to slowing
down back to rest).
Moment of inertia
the inertia (resistance to rotate)
of rotating objects. Depends on
the mass of the rotating object
and how its mass is distributed
about its axis of rotation
Newtons 1st law (name and explain)
Inertia
states that a body in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by an external force, and vice versa
Newtons 2nd law (name and explain)
Acceleration
states the greater the applied force the greater the acceleration, proportional to the objects mass
Newtons 3rd law (name and explain)
Action-Reaction
states for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Impulse
is the application of an internal force over a short time period
Impact
the application of an external force
The center of mass of a
projectile will follow a: ———- ————–
Parabolic path
4 factors that affect
projectile motion
-take-off velocity
-take-off angle,
-difference in take-off and landing heights
-air resistance
How to maximize vertical height
one must maximize the takeoff velocity and take off vertically
How to maximize horizontal range
one must maximize the takeoff velocity and take off at an angle of 45 degrees to the horizontal plane
2 types of fluid drag forces
Skin-friction and profile drag
The magnus effect
an object spinning through the air will experience a lateral force causing it to curve in the direction of the lateral force (high pressure to low pressure)
Bad sport magnus effect
Basketball, further away from the basket, more trajectory will change
Good sport magnus effect
corner kick in soccer, curveball in baseball
Kinematics
involves what happens to the body, NOT what caused motion
What are all rotations or angular movements are caused by:
torque
Balance
the process whereby the body’s state of equilibrium is controlled
Weight
measure of the force of gravity acting an the body
Streamline
a way in which athletes attempt to reduce air resistance
Angular momentum
is constant when an athlete or object is FREE in the AIR
Linear motion
human movement occurs in the direction OPPOSITE of the APPLIED FORCE
Angular motion
produced by the application of a force acting further away from the center of mass. It is created by TORQUE
Maximum velocity
maximum velocity requires the use of all possible joints from LARGEST to SMALLEST
Stability
stable balance requires a LOW CENTER OR MASS, a wide based of support, a center of mass POSITIONED CLOSE TO THE BASE OF SUPPORT, and a greater mass
