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PE Paper 1 > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Newton 1st law

A

body continues at rest or uniform velocity unless acted upon by external force

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2
Q

Newtons 2nd law

A

momentum is proportional to size of force applied and works in same direction

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3
Q

Newtons 3rd law

A

for every action is an equal and opposite reaction

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4
Q

Velocity =

A

displacement / time taken

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5
Q

Momentum =

A

Mass xvelocity

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6
Q

Acceleration =

A

( final - initial velocity ) / time taken

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7
Q

force =

A

mass x acceleration

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8
Q

Wind tunnels

A

analyse a objects AR

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9
Q

angualr motion

A

movement of a body in a circular path about its axis
measured in radians

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10
Q

linear motion

A

movement of a body in a straight or curved line

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11
Q

angular velocity

A

rate of change in angular displacement

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12
Q

moment of inertia

A

resistance of a body to change it’s rotation

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13
Q

MI =

A

mass x distribution of mass from axes

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14
Q

vertical forces

A

weight and reaction force

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15
Q

horizontial forces

A

air resistance and friction

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16
Q

free body diagrams -weight

A

originates from COM and goes down and is proportional to mass

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17
Q

free body diagrams -reaction force

A

originates from contact with ground and goes up and is equal size to weight force

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18
Q

free body diagrams -air resistance

A

originates from COM and opposes direction of motion

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19
Q

free body diagrams - friction

A

originates from all points in contact with ground and goes in direction of motion

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20
Q

net force

A

the sum of all forces acting on a body

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21
Q

balanced forces

A

occur when two or more forces acting on the body are equal but opposite in direction.
means net force = 0

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22
Q

unbalanced forces

A

occur when two forces are unequal in size and opposite in direction , a net force will be present causing the body to change it’s state

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23
Q

weight =

A

mass x acceleration due to gravity ( normally 10)

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24
Q

weight

A

the gravitational pull that the earth exerts on a body

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25
Q

reaction

A

the equal and opposite force exerted by a body in response to the action force placed upon it

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26
Q

friction

A

the force that opposes the motion of two surfaces in contact

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27
Q

air resistance

A

the force that opposes the motion through the air

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28
Q

streamlining

A

creation of smooth air flow around an aerodynamic shape to reduce air resistance

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29
Q

factors affecting friction : roughness of ground surface

A

by increasing the roughness of the ground surface friction is increased ( athlete on rubber track)

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30
Q

factors affecting friction : roughness of contact surface

A

increasing roughness of contact surface will increase friction
( athletes wearing spikes)

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31
Q

factors affecting friction : temperature

A

by increasing temp of ground and contact surface , friction is increased ( F1 tyres being warmed up )

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32
Q

factors affecting friction : size of normal reaction

A

increasing normal reaction , friction is increased
( shot putters having a high mass)

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33
Q

factors affecting air resistance : velocity

A

greater velocity , greater the air resistance
( greater velocity of sprint cyclist , greater AR)

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34
Q

factors affecting air resistance : shape

A

the more aerodynamic , the lower the AR
( cyclist teardrop helmet )

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35
Q

factors affecting air resistance : frontal cross sectional area

A

smaller the front cross sectional area , the lower the AR
( low crouched position of a skiier)

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36
Q

factors affecting air resistance : smoothness of surface

A

increasing the smoothness of a surface , AR decreases ( lycra for cyclists)

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37
Q

4 factors affecting AR

A
  • velocity
  • shape
  • frontal cross sectional area
  • smoothness of surface
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38
Q

4 factors affecting friction

A
  • roughness ground surface
  • roughness contact surface
  • temperature
  • size of normal reaction
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39
Q

limb kinematics

A

the study of movement of limbs in space , and time taken to carry out the movements

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40
Q

positives and negatives of limb kinematics

A
  • can focus on a specific limbs
  • can be used to improve technique
  • expensive equipment
  • helps prevent injury
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41
Q

force plates

A

measures ground reaction forces acting on an athlete to asses biomechanics, gait, balance and rehabilitation therapy

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42
Q

positives and negatives of limb kinematics

A
  • give an immediate, accurate and reliable result
  • can help improve technique
  • expensive and limited access
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43
Q

wind tunnels

A

air is fired at an object to test the aerodynamics of it

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44
Q

positives and negatives wind tunnels

A
  • can measure how efficient an object is so can adapt it to reduce AR
  • allows tight control over environmental factors
  • very expensive
  • require professionals
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45
Q

centre of mass

A

the point at which a body is balanced in all directions and the point where weight appears to act from

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46
Q

stability

A

a bodys ability to resist motion and remain at rest

47
Q

factors affecting stability : mass of the body

A

greater the mass , the greater the inertia meaning greater stability

48
Q

factors affecting stability : height of centre of mass

A

lower the centre of mass the greater the stability

49
Q

factors affecting stability : base of support

A

the greater the base of support , the greater the stability ( wider base or increasing points of contact)

50
Q

factors affecting stability : line of gravity

A

an imaginary line which extends COM down to floor , the more central this line is to the base of suppor the greater the stability

51
Q

4 factors affecting stability

A
  • base of support
  • height of COM
  • mass
  • line of gravity
52
Q

2 functions of a lever system

A
  • to generate muscular effort to overcome a load
  • to increase speed of movement
53
Q

4 components of a lever system

A
  • lever ( bone)
  • fulcrum ( joint)
  • effort ( muscular force)
  • load ( weight or resistance)
54
Q

how bones act as levers

A

they are rigid structures that rotate around a fixed point ( joint)
the muscle that surround the joint creates the effort

55
Q

classifying levers

A

1-2-3
F-L-E

56
Q

first class lever

A

fulcrum is in the middle
( extension of neck when heading a football )

57
Q

second class lever

A

load is in the middle
( plantar flexion on the ball of the foot)

58
Q

third class lever

A

effort is in the middle - most of the levers in the body
( flexion of elbow during bicep curl)

59
Q

effort arm

A

distance from the fulcrum to effort

60
Q

load arm

A

distance from fulcrum to load

61
Q

eg of a sport that mechanical advantage is used

A

having a longer tennis racket creates greater force as load arm becomes longer

62
Q

mechanical advantage

A

effort arm is greater than the load arm so a large load can be moved with small effort
( Second class levers)

63
Q

mechanical disadvantage

A

load arm is greater than effort arm so large effort is required to move a small load
( third class levers)

64
Q

linear motion

A

movements of a body part in a straight or curved line where all parts move the same distance in same direction at the same time

65
Q

what needs to happen for linear motion to be created

A

a direct force through the centre of the mass

66
Q

linear motion example

A

skeleton and shot put

67
Q

5 key descriptors of linear motion

A
  • distance
  • displacement - speed
    -velocity
  • acceleration
    -deceleration
68
Q

speed =

A

distance / time (m/s)

69
Q

acceleration =

A

(final velocity - initial velocity) / time taken

70
Q

angular motion

A

movement of body or part of a body in a circular path about an axis of rotation
( measured in radians )

71
Q

how many radians is 360 degrees

A

2 radians

72
Q

how angular motion is created

A

eccentric force outside the centre of mass

73
Q

what 3 axes does angular motion happen around

A
  • longitudinal
  • transverse
  • frontal
74
Q

eg of angular motion on three axis

A
  • piroutte - longitudinal
  • tumble turn - transverse
  • cartwheel - frontal
75
Q

3 descriptors of angular motion

A
  • angular velocity
  • angular momentum
  • moment of inertia
76
Q

angular velocity

A

rate of change in angular displacement measured in radians per s

77
Q

angular velocity ( radians per seconds ) =

A

angular displacement / time taken

78
Q

moment of inertia

A

resistance of a body to change its state of angular motion
( how difficult something is to move)

79
Q

moment of inertia =

A

mass x distribution of mass from axis of rotation

80
Q

moment of inertia example

A

a fat gymnast that’s spread out has a greater moment of inertia than a skinny gymnast whose tucked in.
To rotate quickly you need a low Moment of intertia

81
Q

angular momentum

A

the amount of angular motion an object has

82
Q

angular momentum =

A

moment of inertia x angular velocity

83
Q

distance

A

total length covered from start to finish

84
Q

displacement

A

the shortest straight line route from start to finish position

85
Q

speed

A

rate of change in distance -
measured in metres per second

86
Q

velocity

A

rate of change in displacement
measured in meters per second

87
Q

acceleration

A

rate of change of velocity
measured in metres per second

88
Q

distance time graph - straight line

A

rest

89
Q

distance time graph - curved upwards line

A

acceleration

90
Q

distance time graph - upwards straight line

A

constant speed

91
Q

distance time graph - curved line downwards

A

deceleration

92
Q

streamlining

A

the creation of smooth air flow around an aerodynamic shape

93
Q

aerofoil

A

a streamlined shape with a curved upper surface and flat lower surface to give a body an uplift force

94
Q

4 factors affecting magnitude of air resistance on a body

A
  • velocity ( greater is greater)
  • frontal cross sectional area ( larger the greater)
  • streamlining and shape
  • surface characteristics
95
Q

projectile motion

A

movement of a body through the air following a curved flight path

96
Q

projectile

A

a body that is launched into the air , losing contact with the ground surface

97
Q

4 factors affecting distance of a projectile

A
  • speed of release
  • angle of release
  • height of release
  • aerodynamic factors
98
Q

factors affecting distance of a projectile - speed of release

A

due to newtons 2nd law , greater force applied the greater change in momentum

99
Q

factors affecting distance of a projectile- angle of release

A

90 degrees - projectile will accelerate vertically upwards then come straight back down
45 degrees - optimal angle
less than 45 degrees - projectile doesn’t achieve sufficient height

100
Q

parabolic flight path

A

a flight path symmetrical about it’s highest point caused by dominant weight force of the object
( shot put)

101
Q

non parabolic flight path

A

a flight path asymmetrical about it’s highest point caused by dominant force of air resistance on the object
(shuttle cock)

102
Q

bernoulli principle

A

creation of additional lift force on a projectile due to higher velocity and lower pressure

103
Q

lift force

A

an additional force created by a pressure gradient forming on opposing surfaces of an aerofoil

104
Q

how lift force works

A

upside has a curved face creating higher velocity and lower pressure whereas the downside is straight creating lower velocity and higher pressure causing the object to be lifted

105
Q

Bernoulli’s principle

A

creation of an additional lift force on a projectile in flight resulting from Bernoulli’s conclusion that the higher the velocity , the lower the air pressure

106
Q

f1 car downforce

A

uses Bernoulli’s principle , curved face is on the bottom creating lower pressure and the straight face is on the top creating higher pressure , this pushes the car down

107
Q

how symmetrical aerofoils create lift

A

by giving an angle of attack , the resulting difference in air pressure creates a lift as air has to travel further along the top side and less distance along the bottom side creating high pressure underneath.

108
Q

magnus effect

A

creation of an additional magnus force on a spinning projectile which deviates from the flight path

109
Q

magnus force

A

a force created from pressure gradient on opposing surfaces of a spinning body moving through the air

110
Q

hook

A

a type of side spin used to deviate a projectiles flight path to the left

111
Q

slice

A

a type of side spin used to deviate a projectiles flight path to the right

112
Q

top spin

A

a type of spin creating a downwards magnus force , shortening the flight path

113
Q

back spin

A

a type of spin creating an upwards magnus force , lengthening the flight path

114
Q

how spin creates a pressure difference

A

the side of the ball spinning that’s opposing the direction of motion creates a higher pressure making the ball move to the opposite direction to this

PE Paper 1 (8 decks)

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