Biomechanical Evaluation Flashcards
The foot is a ____________ structure
dynamic
Developing a process that is ______________ is key to efficiency and accuracy
repeatable
An effective biomechanical examination includes a ____________ as well as a __________________
physical exam and footwear assessment
The process of a biomechanical examination includes what 5 assessments?
Standing, walking, sitting, supine, and prone
__________________ is KEY to a biomechanical assessment
resting calcaneal stance
Genu varus: the legs ___________ and puts more load on the ____________
bow out; peroneals
Genu valgum - collapse of _______ aspect of the foot, forefoot __________ aka _____________, with more ___________ load which puts more load on ________________
medial; abduction; too many toes sign; tibialis; spring ligament and deltoid ligaments
Varus stance then do ____________ test. If their first toe drops off and their calcaneus comes back to neutral, then it tells you they have what?
Coleman block test; plantar flexed first ray
Abducted forefoot position is known as:
too many toes sign
Is there a normal arch height?
no
Types of toe deformities
claw, hammer, mallet, valgus, and exostosis
What causes a callous?
friction
Claw directions
Extension, flexion, neutral
Hammer directions
Extension, flexion, extension
Mallet directions
neutral, flexion, flexion
What is Genu recurvatum? Is it more common in men or women?
hyperextension of the knee; women
The more your knee is _____________, the more your patella is in the groove
flexed
in a 0 drop shoe, the _______ and ______ are equal
ball and heel
How much DF should you have in a closed chain?
15-20%
Plantar fascia injuries are almost always __________ injuries
stretch
when plantar flexing/standing on tip toes, tibialis posterior is working properly if the calcaneus does what?
sweeps inwards
What does SHOD mean?
shoes on
At heel strike, you should move from _________ to ______________ as the tibia moves over the fixed foot
supination to pronation
Windlass mechanism
Mechanism of the plantar fascia when in pronation, it creates rigidity of the arch
Need to look at hip extension during gait because _____________ is a huge issue due to everyone sitting and can lead to hip and back issues
hip flexor shortness
The normal center of pressure line of the foot during gait is what shape from heel to toe
an S curve
The only time the knee goes into terminal extension during gait is when?
for a split second during initial contact
When should the heel leave the ground during gait?
During terminal stance
When does the heel leave the ground during gait for a lot of people? Why? What does that put tension on?
during midstance; don’t have enough DF; plantar fascia
During _______________ the collision of the heel with the ground generates a significant transient, nearly instantaneous, large force
heel skrike
In ______________, the collision of the forefoot with the ground generates a very minimal impact force with no impact transient
forefoot striking
During our sitting exam, we want to assess open chain AROM and PROM of: _______________________
DF in knee flexion and extension, Inversion/eversion of FF/RF, Hallux DF, Toe flexion/extension, and hip/lumbopelvic mobility
during a seated exam, need to assess open chain MMT of:
knee muscles, hip muscles, core muscles, ankle muscles, and toe muscles
In sitting, need to assess accessory mobility of:
talocrural, rear and midfoot, 1st ray excursion, and MTPJs
Inversion and eversion happen at what part of the foot?
the rear and midfoot
Where does callousing tend to occur?
anywhere there is pressure or friction; specifically look at Plantar at the heel and met heads, laterally/medially at 1st and 5th met heads, and dorsally at the toes
During our sitting exam, we want to identify bony abnormalities such as: ____________ on the posterior calcaneus, _______ or ________ at the 1st MTPJ, ______________ at the toes, or ____________ at the dorsal TMT region
Haglund’s deformity; exostosis or abductovalgus; flexible vs rigid claw/hammer; exostosis
Callouses are the result of ______________ and common areas are ___________________
pressure and or friction; ball of the foot, the heel, and around the great toe
Plantar warts: The most common locations for plantar warts include: ___________________ (the heels and balls of the feet). Undersides of the toes Plantar warts may occur singly or in clusters. They appear as ______________-like thickenings on the soles of the feet. In addition, plantar warts often have multiple small black or red dots at the surface which are actually ______________________
Soles of the feet, especially the weight-bearing areas; thick, rough, callus; small blood vessels
What things do we want to look at in supine?
leg-length assessment, pelvic symmetry assessment, femoral torsion assessment, hip/knee joint PROM, and hip/core strength assessment
What should be assessed in prone?
quad and hip flexor length, remaining hip/core strength assessments, and subtalar joint alignment
What does an assessment of subtalar joint alignment consist of?
Qualitatively assess locking/unlocking of midtarsal joints with pro/sup, Measure forefoot to rearfoot orientation (varus/valgus), Identify rearfoot to tibial alignment, and Assess 1st ray position and mobility into DF/PF
