Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CardioPulm > Biomarkers for Cardiac Disease > Flashcards

Biomarkers for Cardiac Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Risk Factors (RFs) for CHD (10)

A

-Age
-FMHx of CVD
-Male
-Unctrlled HTN & DM
-Incr. cholesterol (low HDL, high LDL, high triglycerides)
-Smoking, alcohol
-Sedimentary, poor diet
-Overweight/Obese (BMI = 25-30, 30-40, or >40)
-Postmenopausal
-Unctrlled stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

LDL levels for incr. risk of CVD

A

> 50mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is cholesterol and what are the normal and abnormal levels of it in the blood?

A

-Waxy, fat-like substance thats a component of cell walls/fluidity and a precursor molecule for Vit D & sex steroids
Norm = <200 mg/dL
Borderline High = 200-239 mg/dL
High = > 240 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the carrier molecule that is required for effective transport of cholesterol in the blood? What are the different types?

A

-Lipoprotein
-Type based on density:
-HDL = High Density Lipoprotein
-LDL = Low Density Lipoprotein
-VLDL = Very Low Density Lipoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lipid Panel Includes: (4)

A

1) Total cholesterol (HDL + LDL + Triglyceride)
2) LDL (Total - HDL - Trigly / 5)
3) HDL
4) Triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Type of lipoprotein that’s inversely associated w/ Coronary Heart Disease.
Levels also increase with exercise.

A

HDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lipoprotein that’s a causal RF for MI and atherosclerotic CVD.

A

LDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

MOI of LDLs

A

LDLs invade tunica interna of vessels & form an atheroma (accumulation of materials in layer of artery wall). WBCs/macrophages move to area creating inflammatory rxn. Fibrous conn. tissues collects & swelling create an atherosclerotic plaque.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lipoprotein that’s estimated as a & of triglyceride value, but not a part of a lipid panel. High levels assoc. w/ plaque on artery walls.

A

VLDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Lipoprotein A & what are high levels assoc. w/?

A

-Lipoprotein subclass w/ an atherogenic & prothrombotic effect
-Atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lipoprotein A is a RF for:

A

CAD, CHD, CVA, thrombosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is triglycerides & what are high levels assoc. w/?

A

-Glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acids
-Atherosclerosis, heart disease (HD), & CVA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F: Cholesterol Ratio are clinically more important than Total cholesterol number.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cholesterol Ratio

A

-200/50 mg/dL = 4:1 ratio of Total cholesterol to HDL
-The lower, the better.
-Ratio should be kept to 5 or less.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Types of triglycerides

A

saturated and unsaturated fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is saturated fats and high levels assoc. w/?

A

-fat molecules w/ no double bonds b/c they are saturated w/ hydrogen molecules
-high levels assoc. w/ HD & CVA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is unsaturated fats and some types?

A

-Fat w/ =/>1 double bonds w/ a low melting point (room temp). Can be mono- or poly- unsaturated.
-Trans and Cis fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are Trans Fatty Acids and high levels assoc. w/?

A

-Produced in veggie oils/fats, uncommon in nature
-High levels assoc. w/ Coronary Vascular Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T/F: Cis Fatty Acids are naturally occurring and good for your health.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Triglyceride Levels

A

Norm = <150
Borderline High = 150-199
High = 200-499
Very High = >500

21
Q

Men and women at incr. risk of CHD should get cholesterol screening as early as what age?

A

20 y/o

22
Q

All men and women should get cholesterol screening at what ages? and How often?

A

Men > 35 y/o
Women > 45 y/o

23
Q

Children should have their cholesterol check b/w ages ______ and again b/w ages ___.

A

9-11 y/o
17-21 y/o

24
Q

Medications used to manage Lipid levels (3)

A

1) Statins
2) Niacin (Vit B3)
3) PCSK9 inhibitors (new drug class, reduce degradation of LDL, lowering LDL blood levels)

25
Q

Statin Induced Myelopathy and RFs for this

A

-Myalgias to muscle tenderness, to weakness to rhabdomyolysis (leads to kidney failure)
-Usually resolve after stopping meds
-RFs: high dose, incr. age, mult. diseases, frail, immunosuppressant drugs

26
Q

Pathophysiology of CVD & DM (Diabetic Heart Disease)

A

-Hyperglycemia creates a proinflammatory statre which incr. platelet activation (CVA/ischemia risk) & dyslipidemia tht drives arterial stiffness (atherogenesis)

27
Q

Structural abnormalities characteristic of a diabetic heart. (5)

A

-Fibrosis
-Cardiac hypertrophy
-Impaired Coronary Microvascular Perfusion
-Mitochondria dysfunction
-Impaired calcium handling

28
Q

“Cardiac Enzymes”

A

blood values of biomarkers that incr. w/ the occurrence of an MI

29
Q

Ischemic insult can lead to…

A

cell injury/death → sarcolemma disruption → movement of contents into IS & blood.

30
Q

What is Creatine Phosphokinase and its diff forms (3)?

A

-Catalyzes conversion of creatine & ATP to phosphocreatine (PCr) and ADP. PCr is an immediate energy source.
-Forms:
-**MB: most specific, Myocardial Band injury
-MM: MSK damage
-BB: for brain tissue injury

31
Q

CPK serum levels after MI or other injury/insult

A

Rise: 4-6 hrs
Peak: 12-24 hrs
Remain elevated: 4-5 days
Norm levels: </=175

32
Q

T/F: HBDH & LDH rise 6 hrs following MI, but AST & CPK levels elevate must later & remain high for a longer period.

A

False, its flip flopped

33
Q

Troponin & diff forms/types (3)

A

Group of proteins in striated muscle that bound to actin. Released/levels rise after cardiac muscle injury.
-TnC = binds to Ca
-TnI = inhibits actin/myosin interaction
-TnT = links troponin to tropmyosin

34
Q

Normal Levels of Troponin and levels after MI

A

Norm =/< 3.0
Rise: 4-6 hrs (TnI) 3-4 hrs (TnT)
Peak: 12-24 hrs (TnI) 10-24 hrs (TnT)
Remains elevated: 4-7 days (TnI) 10-14 days (TnT)

35
Q

T/F: Myoglobin levels rise faster than Troponin and began to drop rapidly within a day after an MI.

A

True

36
Q

What is myoglobin and normal serum levels?

A

-Heme protein in all muscle tissue (stores O2).
Potential dx tool for acute MI
Norm = 25-72

37
Q

When can you detect myoglobin after an MI and what would blood levels look like?

A

-As early as 2 hours after injury
-Peak: 3-15 hrs after injury

38
Q

Why is a liver panel of interest post-MI

A

CO dysfunction leads to reduced liver perfusion leading to congestion of blood in the liver & incr. component in liver panel

39
Q

Patients with HF have (elevated/depressed) serum levels of bilirubin.

A

Elevated

40
Q

What is ANP and what does it result in?

A

-Hormone secreted in response to atrial distention
-Inr. GFR & limits RAAS activation
-Results in vasodilation, diuresis, ↓ preload, ↓ afterload, ↓ heart workload

41
Q

What serum level is a marker for severity of HF?

A

ANP increases with increasing HF severity (inhibits cardiac hypertrophy & fibrosis)

42
Q

What is the gold standard for measurement of compensated & uncompensated HF?

A

BNP

42
Q

What is BNP and levels in pts with HF

A

-Produced in response to ventricular distention (incr. LVEDV caused by decr. GFR, cardiac muscles being stretched)
-limits RAAS activation too
-BNP increases with increasing HF severity too

43
Q

BNP Normal Levels and Levels in pts w/ HF

A

Norm = <100
Chronic cardiac compensation = 100-700
Acute cardiac decompensation = >700

44
Q

Classifications of Cardiac disease

A

1) disease but no S&S or limitations
2) mild S&S & slight limitations
3) marked limitation d/t S&S, only comfortable at rest
4) severe limitations w/ S&S at rest, bedbound

45
Q

What is C Reactive Protein (CRP) and what are norm levels

A

-Produced/secreted from liver in inflammatory states (atherosclerosis, CHF, cancer, infection, liver dysfunction)
-Measure of inflammation levels in body
Norm = <1
High risk = 1-3
Evaluated for non-CV diseases (autoimmune, cancer, infection) = >10

46
Q

T/F: Among postmenopausal women, whether CRP levels are high or low, if cholesterol ratio is high then risk of CV event increases.

A

true

47
Q

What is serum creatinine and norm levels/levels that predict CV mortality?

A

-Blood levels reflect kidney function (decr. function = decr. renal perfusion)
Norm = <1.5
CV Mortality Predictor = incr. levels of serum creatinine

CardioPulm (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions