Biomacromolecules UNIT 3 AOS 1

Question 1

What elements do carbohydrates have?

Answer 1

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Question 2

What are the three types of carbohydrates?

Answer 2

• monosaccharide (single sugar unit)
• disaccharide (2 sugar units)
• polysaccaride (many sugar units)

Question 3

What happens when you break up a polymer?

Answer 3

It becomes a monomer. This happens from a hydrolysis reaction where water goes in.

Question 4

What happen when you make a polymer?

Answer 4

A series of monomers together. Creating a condensation reaction where water goes out.

Question 5

What is maltose?

Answer 5

a sugar that is produced from the breakdown of starch. It is a disaccharide consisting of two linked glucose units.

Question 6

What elements do lipids have?

Answer 6

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 7

What is the structure of phospholipids?

Answer 7

• Consist of a polar head (hydrophilic) made from glycerol and phosphate
• Has a charge associated with it
• Chemically attracted to water
• Consist of two non-polar fatty acid tails (hydrophobic) - lipid tail
• Chemically repelled to water

Question 8

What is a triglyceride?

Answer 8

3 fatty acids chains attached to glycerol

Question 9

What is a saturated fatty acid?

Answer 9

• no double bond
• straight line chain
• mostly animal fats

Question 10

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 10

• at least one double bond
• this gives them a kink
• mostly plant fats

Question 11

Monounsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 11

Only have one double bond

Question 12

Polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 12

Have two or more double bonds

Question 13

What is another word for protein?

Answer 13

Peptide

Question 14

What are the monomers and polymers of proteins?

Answer 14

Monomer = amino acid
Polymer = dipeptide, polypeptide

Question 15

List and explain the four levels of polypeptides?

Answer 15

1. Primary = in a sequence
2. Secondary = coils and folds of the primary chain held together by hydrogen bondings
   e. g. alpha helix (keratin) or beta pleated sheet (silk protein)
3. Tertiary = lots of wrapping and folding. more bonds form between the “R” groups (myoglobin)
4. Quaternary = 2 or more polypeptide chains bent into one molecule (haemoglobin)

Question 16

What is the bond between amino acid called?

Answer 16

Peptide bond

Question 17

What is the proteome?

Answer 17

All of the proteins in an organism

Question 18

Where are the hydrogen bonds?

Answer 18

Bonds between bases

Question 19

What are the 5 necleotide bases?

Answer 19

Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil, Guanine

Question 20

Where are the phosphodiester bonds?

Answer 20

Between carbon atom 3’ of one sugar molecule and the carbon atom 5’ of another molecule

Question 21

What is the sugar in DNA?

Answer 21

Deoxyribose

Question 22

What is the sugar in RNA?

Answer 22

Ribose

Question 23

How do the bases link in DNA?

Answer 23

Adenine –> Thymine

Guanine –> Cytosine

Question 24

How do the bases link in RNA?

Answer 24

Adenine –> Uracil

Guanine –> Cytosine

Question 25

What is the difference between structures of DNA and RNA?

Answer 25

- DNA is double stranded, RNA single - DNA adenine bonds to thymine, RNA adenine bonds to Uracil - DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose

Question 26

are monosaccharides soluble in water?

Answer 26

yes all are

Question 27

what saccharide is sucrose and how is it made?

Answer 27

disaccharide - glucose + fructose

Question 28

what saccharide is lactose and how is it made?

Answer 28

disaccharide - galactose + glucose

Question 29

what saccharide is starch and how is it made?

Answer 29

polysaccharide - made of glucose sub-units

Question 30

what saccharide is cellulose and how is it made?

Answer 30

polysaccharide - made of glucose sub-units

Question 31

what saccharide is glycogen and how is it made?

Answer 31

polysaccharide - made of glucose sub-units

Question 32

what are the 6 different forms of lipids?

Answer 32

1. waxes 2. steroids 3. cholesterol 4. triglycerides 5. phospholipids 6. glycolipids

Question 33

state two functions of lipids in the body?

Answer 33

1. energy storage | 2. protect organs from damage

Question 34

what is a phosphodiester bond?

Answer 34

linkage between carbon atom 3' of one sugar molecule and the carbon atom 5' of another