Biomacromolecules UNIT 3 AOS 1 Flashcards
What elements do carbohydrates have?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
What are the three types of carbohydrates?
- monosaccharide (single sugar unit)
- disaccharide (2 sugar units)
- polysaccaride (many sugar units)
What happens when you break up a polymer?
It becomes a monomer. This happens from a hydrolysis reaction where water goes in.
What happen when you make a polymer?
A series of monomers together. Creating a condensation reaction where water goes out.
What is maltose?
a sugar that is produced from the breakdown of starch. It is a disaccharide consisting of two linked glucose units.
What elements do lipids have?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
What is the structure of phospholipids?
- Consist of a polar head (hydrophilic) made from glycerol and phosphate
- Has a charge associated with it
- Chemically attracted to water
- Consist of two non-polar fatty acid tails (hydrophobic) - lipid tail
- Chemically repelled to water
What is a triglyceride?
3 fatty acids chains attached to glycerol
What is a saturated fatty acid?
- no double bond
- straight line chain
- mostly animal fats
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
- at least one double bond
- this gives them a kink
- mostly plant fats
Monounsaturated fatty acids?
Only have one double bond
Polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Have two or more double bonds
What is another word for protein?
Peptide
What are the monomers and polymers of proteins?
Monomer = amino acid Polymer = dipeptide, polypeptide
List and explain the four levels of polypeptides?
- Primary = in a sequence
- Secondary = coils and folds of the primary chain held together by hydrogen bondings
e. g. alpha helix (keratin) or beta pleated sheet (silk protein) - Tertiary = lots of wrapping and folding. more bonds form between the “R” groups (myoglobin)
- Quaternary = 2 or more polypeptide chains bent into one molecule (haemoglobin)
What is the bond between amino acid called?
Peptide bond
What is the proteome?
All of the proteins in an organism
Where are the hydrogen bonds?
Bonds between bases
What are the 5 necleotide bases?
Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil, Guanine
Where are the phosphodiester bonds?
Between carbon atom 3’ of one sugar molecule and the carbon atom 5’ of another molecule
What is the sugar in DNA?
Deoxyribose
What is the sugar in RNA?
Ribose
How do the bases link in DNA?
Adenine –> Thymine
Guanine –> Cytosine
How do the bases link in RNA?
Adenine –> Uracil
Guanine –> Cytosine
What is the difference between structures of DNA and RNA?
- DNA is double stranded, RNA single
- DNA adenine bonds to thymine, RNA adenine bonds to Uracil
- DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose
are monosaccharides soluble in water?
yes all are
what saccharide is sucrose and how is it made?
disaccharide - glucose + fructose
what saccharide is lactose and how is it made?
disaccharide - galactose + glucose
what saccharide is starch and how is it made?
polysaccharide - made of glucose sub-units
what saccharide is cellulose and how is it made?
polysaccharide - made of glucose sub-units
what saccharide is glycogen and how is it made?
polysaccharide - made of glucose sub-units
what are the 6 different forms of lipids?
- waxes
- steroids
- cholesterol
- triglycerides
- phospholipids
- glycolipids
state two functions of lipids in the body?
- energy storage
2. protect organs from damage
what is a phosphodiester bond?
linkage between carbon atom 3’ of one sugar molecule and the carbon atom 5’ of another
