Biology20 IB - Unit 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

What are the 4 properties of water?

A

Cohesion:
The ability to stick onto oneself. This is because of the polarity property. (i.e. a water droplet.)
Adhesion:
The ability to stick to other things. This is because of the polarity property. (i.e. a water droplet hanging on a ledge.)
Thermal Property:
Water can take and hold a lot of heat. However it needs a lot of energy to vaporize it or to evaporate it. It takes longer because of the hydro bonds that need time to build and break.
Solvent Property:
It is the medium which most biochemistry occurs in cells. It helps transport almost everything.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a Monosaccharide?

A

They are the monomers of carbs. (monomers are the building blocks)
They are classified by the # of carbons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 most common monosaccharides?

A

Triose: 3 carbons
Pentose: 5 carbons
Hexose: 6 carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a Disaccharide?

A

They are made when 2 monosaccharides are linked together by a condensation reaction. They are formed when 2 sugars are combined and 1 water molecule is removed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a Polysaccharide?

A

Formed by repeatedly bonding glucose monosaccharides = polymers
3 main polysaccharides are ; Cellulose, starch, and Glycogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Hydrogenation?

A

In many highly processed foods, polyunsaturated fats are often fully or partially hydrogenated. This is done to straighten the bends and kinks of the unsaturated fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the difference between Cis and Trans?

A

Cis: Naturally curved fatty acids.
Trans: Hydrogenated & straightened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are Triglycerides?

A

They are formed by condensation from 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol. They are the fats in animals and the oils in plants. These 3 fatty acids determine overall characteristics if they are fat or oil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a Condensation RxN?

A

It is a type of reaction where water is used up and released. It is the main anabolic rxn in the body. The result of a condensation reaction always includes water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a Anabolic RxN?

A

They are the building of larger molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a Catabolic RxN?

A

It is the breaking down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a Hydrolysis RxN?

A

It is the main catabolic rxn in the body. It used water molecules to break bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is your Metabolism?

A

Your metabolism are the tiny reactions in your cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does water act as a coolant in sweat?

A

When there is sweat on your body, in order for the sweat to evaporate, it needs more energy to get there. It will use the heat energy from your body to evaporate. This will cool you down due to the loss of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a polypeptide bond?

A

A protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some industrial uses for enzymes?

A

It can help in the process of fibres, or polishing cloth to make it shiny. It can also help to break down proteins (i.e. bleach)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the Key and Lock Theory?

A

It is a theory that every active site/enzyme has a substrate that is specifically made for it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Induced Bonding Theory?

A

It is a theory that basically says that when the active site + substrate meet, there is a little bit of wiggle room which will change once they meet to fit exactly together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids mean that they are saturated with Hydrogen and do not have any bonds with Carbon. They have no kinks or bends. These are commonly found in animal products.
Unsaturated fatty acids mean that they have 1 or more double bond with Carbon therefore, it is not saturated with Hydrogen. They have bends and kinks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 2 types of unsaturated fatty acids?

A
Monounsaturated: 
1 double bond exists
Has 2 empty spots where Hydrogen should be
Has bends
Polyunsaturated:
At least 2 double bonds in Carbon chain.
Commonly found in plants as oils.
21
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

They’re formed when 2 atoms share electrons.

22
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

They’re a result in unequal sharing of electrons.

23
Q

What are non-polar covalent bonds?

A

They’re a result of charges cancelling out and having equal sharing.

24
Q

What has Dipolarity? What does it do?

A

Water has dipolarity. This is when the both ends have different charges. This makes water interested in other molecules (usually from the ephemeral hydrogen bonds.)

25
Q

What is the effect of concentration on enzyme activity?

A

Will increase effectiveness of enzyme to a certain point but will hit maximum capacity. Basically, it can make enzymes work faster but eventually will reach its limit.

26
Q

What is the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?

A

Increase in temperature can make the enzyme work faster but to much will result in enzyme failure.

27
Q

What is the effect of pH on enzyme activity?

A

Mostly work best at neutral levels but some can work better in higher pH levels. (i.e. stomach acid)

28
Q

What is enzyme-substrate specificity?

A

Basically, only 1 substrate can fit into a specific active site.

29
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

A

Primary Structure:
A single line of amino acids in polypeptide chain.
Secondary Structure:
Determined by the primary structure. Mostly a repetitive shape.
Tertiary Structure:
Lots of folding, globular shape
Quaternary Structure:
2+ polypeptides come together to form functional protein.

30
Q

How do genes effect proteins?

A

Genes are what tell your body which amino acids to put together and in which order. Because genes are a universal language, this allows transfer of genes.(aka make your own baby) Certain cells can turn genes off and on.

31
Q

What are the roles of amino acids?

A

They make up protein structure and denotes functions.
The way amino acids join determine the type of protein.
20 amino acids.

32
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

They are a combination of 20 amino acids.

33
Q

What is the function of an enzyme?

A

The function of an enzyme is to lower the activation energy of the reactions that they catalyse.

34
Q

What are the 4 biochemical groups? What are some examples of these?

A
Carbohydrates - Glucose (energy) 
Lipids - Phospholipids
Proteins - Insulin and protein channels
Nucleic acids - DNA
>all living things they're composed of.
>all organic molecules
35
Q

What is the plasma membrane made of?

A

They are mostly composed of a type of lipid called phospholipids.

36
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

It is the study of compounds that contain carbon. (not including CO2.) Carbon can be considered to be the keystone element for life on Earth.

37
Q

What is the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic - means water ‘loving’&raquo_space; Polar molecules, can be dissolved in water (solvent/aqueous solution)
Hydrophobic - means water ‘fearing’&raquo_space; Non-polar molecules. Do not mix

38
Q

How does water effect transportation in organisms?

A

For molecules that need to move in and out of cells, water acts as a mode of transportation.

39
Q

How do condensation reactions and anabolism relate?

A

Condensation reactions are key to the part of your metabolism called anabolism. Anabolism is where larger molecules are synthesized to form smaller monomer units.

40
Q

What do fatty acids have in common?

A

They all have a carboxyl group ( -COOH ) on one end and a methyl group (CH3-) at the other end.

41
Q

What is the purpose of storing glycogen in the liver and muscle tissue?

A

To store as energy so when needed can be called out.

42
Q

What is a Genome?

A

It is the specific DNA sequence that is unique to one individual.

43
Q

What happens when a protein is put into a environment that has a temperature than their physical optimum?

A

The higher temperature will result in faster moving molecules >heat is energy< This can cause stress on the hydrogen bonds and weaken them. This can change its structure and the bonds and proteins are directly dependant on their shape. If the protein is returned to its normal temp then it can return to its normal shape as long as the covalent bonds remain intact.

44
Q

What are enzymes?

A

They are ling chains of amino acids that have taken on very specific 3D shapes. They are globular in shape but not by random; they are very specific.

45
Q

What does lactose-intolerant mean? What can be done?

A

Our bodies naturally produce lactase, to be lactose intolerant, means that your body does not produce lactase which prevents you from digesting lactose(sugar). Basically, you can drink milk and have lactose if you buy the kind that already has. A lactase that has been pre-digesting the lactose in it for easier consumption.

46
Q

What is aerobic cell respiration?

A

The process that requires oxygen and gives carbon dioxide.

47
Q

What are your internal and external intercostal muscles? What happens when u exhale?

A

The intercostal muscles are the muscles that surround your ribs. Your lungs are incapable of purposeful movement. That is why the diaphragm, abdominal muscles, and intercostal muscles surround the lungs. When you are exhaling, the diaphragm contracts and the external intercostal muscles and one set of abdominal muscles help raise the ribcage. Volume is increased and pressure is decreased.

48
Q

What surrounds an alveoli?

A

Capillary beds

49
Q

What is an alveoli made up of?

A

They are composed of specialized cells called pneumocytes.
Type I pneumocytes: very thin, large SA = good for diffusion. Capable of mitosis
Type II pneumocytes: cubodial shape,