Biology Words to Know Flashcards
1
Q
Cell membrane
A
- regulates materials that enter and exit the cell
- allows recognition and communication between cells
- contains all the organelles
2
Q
Cell wall
A
- provides rigid support and protection for the cell
- It can be rigid b/c of the plant cells minimal movement
3
Q
Cytoplasm
A
- watery fluid that holds organelles in place
- site of many of the cell’s chemical reaction
4
Q
Nucleus
A
- contains the DNA
- contains the information for regulating growth, and has the instructions for how to make all proteins made by the cell
5
Q
Nucleolus
A
- involved in ribosome production
- inside the nucleus
6
Q
Organelle
A
Organelles are structures inside helps that allow them to carry out various functions
7
Q
Mitochondria
A
- converts sugars into a form the cells can use
8
Q
Chloroplast
A
- harnesses the energy from the sun into sugars
9
Q
Endoplasmic reticulum
A
a) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (R.E.R):
- site of protein production
–>covered in ribosomes–>small dots in picture
b) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (S.E.R)
- site of lipid (fat) production
10
Q
Ribosome
A
- Produces proteins
- can be floating in cytoplasm or stuck to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
11
Q
Protein
A
Protein builds, maintains, and replaces the tissues in your body.
12
Q
Golgi body
A
- stores, packages, and processes material made by R.E.R and S.E.R –>puts materials in vesicles for transport
13
Q
Vacuole
A
- storage sac for water, nutrients, and wastes
*plant cells have a large central vacuole filled with water
14
Q
Vesicle
A
- small sacs used to transport materials around the cell and across the cell membrane
15
Q
DNA
A
- The instructions in the nucleus
- usually exists as strings, but coils up for cell division
16
Q
Double-stranded helix
A
- the shape of the DNA
17
Q
Nitrogenous base
A
- A, G, C, T bases
- forms the rungs of the DNA ladder
- complementary base pairings on each rung
18
Q
Phosphate
A
- On the sides of the ladder
PO4
19
Q
Sugar
A
- On the sides of the ladder
deoxyribose
20
Q
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
A
- the 4 nitrogenous bases
- A,T G,C
21
Q
Chromatin
A
- uncoiled DNA (invisible under microscope)
- It is wound around histone proteins, and the DNA is in this form during interphase
22
Q
Chromosome
A
- DNA coiled up (visible under microscope)
- DNA is usually this form during mitosis
23
Q
Enzyme
A
- accelerates chemical reactions
24
Q
Cell cycle
A
- The process of cells dividing to produce new cells
25
Interphase
G1(cell growth and prep for DNA replication), S (DNA replication, centrioles duplicated for mitosis), G2 (More growth, waits to divide)
26
Mitosis
- The process of cell division where 1 parent cell divides into 2 genetically identical daughter cells
- The number of chromosomes remain the same
- It is associated with asexual reproduction
27
Prophase
- first stage in mitosis where the chromatin coils up into visible chromosomes
- the centrioles start to move to opposite ends of each cell
- nucleolus, cell membrane breaks down
28
Metaphase
- nuclear membrane has disappeared
- chromosomes are in the cytoplasm
- centrioles send out spindle fibers
29
Anaphase
- spindle fibers pull centromeres apart, so a sister chromatid is going to each pole
- each end of the cell will get a set of chromosomes (sister chromatid)
30
Telophase
- chromosomes uncoil
- new nuclear membrane
31
Cytokinesis
- cytokinesis will complete the separation to produce 2 cells with identical DNA
32
Sister chromatid
- DNA is copied during interphase, so when the DNA coils during prophase, the x-shaped chromosomes that are visible actually contain 2 copies - each arm (a copy) is called a chromatid and the whole shape is called a sister chromatid
33
Centromere
- structure that holds the sister chromatids together
- spindle fibers appear to attach to the centromere
34
Spindle fiber
- Structures that attach to centromeres (metaphase) to pull them to opposite poles of the cell (anaphase)
35
Centriole
- organelles that send out fibers, and they help separate chromosomes during cell division
36
Cell plate
- A wall formed along the center of a cell during cytokinesis made from fused vesicles to divide the cell
37
Meiosis
- The process of cell division where 2 parent cell divides into 4 genetically varied daughter cells
- The number of chromosomes splits into half
- It is associated with sexual reproduction
38
Crossing over
- chromatins from your mom and dad (homologous) fuse to exchange genetic materials
- chiasma is the piece of gene that was exchanged
- tetrad is the name for the pair of chromosomes (4 chromatids)
39
Homologous chromosomes
- Chromatid pairs (one from each parent)
- Homologous chromosomes are similar but not identical.
40
Diploid, Haploid
- Diploid: 2 sets of genetic material, 1 from mom 1 from dad
- Haploid: 1 set of genetic material
41
Gamete
- cell (sperm, egg) with haploid amount of DNA
42
Fertilization
- offspring can be produced when sperm + egg gametes fuse
43
Zygote
- cell produced by fertilization of the egg by sperm = diploid
44
Embryo
- After fertilization, the zygote rapidly grows through mitosis
- The bundle of cells is called an embryo from 8 weeks after fertilization
45
Morula
- first week of embryonic stage has many divisions, and forms a ball of undifferentiated cells about 0.2 mm in size
46
Blastula
- end of 2nd week of embryonic stage when the hollow ball of cells that are 1.5 mm start to form
- cells still undifferentiated, called embryonic stem cells
47
Gastrula
- At 3-8 weeks of embryonic stage, the cells organize themselves into 3 layers
-ectoderm (skin, nervous system), mesoderm (kidneys, muscles, blood vessels, reproductive organs, and bones), endoderm (lungs, liver, digestive system lining)
(Order of outermost layer to innermost)
48
Fetus
- Embryo name after 8 weeks
- cells become specialized
- develops different tissues and organs
- 3 trimesters organ systems, growth, continued growth
49
Fragmentation
- pieces of parent's body breaks off, and some grow into whole new organisms
-missing piece also regenerates
50
Binary fission
- organism splits into two identically sized off springs
51
Budding
- offspring starts as a bud on parent
- separates when old enough to survive on its own
52
Vegetative reproduction
- plants send out special stems that produces identical but separate plants at certain points on the stem
53
Spore formation
- Spore cells produced by parent that are specifically evolved for dispersal (usually by wind)
- each spore contains a set of DNA and cytoplasm
