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Science 9 > Biology Words to Know > Flashcards

Biology Words to Know Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • regulates materials that enter and exit the cell
  • allows recognition and communication between cells
  • contains all the organelles
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2
Q

Cell wall

A
  • provides rigid support and protection for the cell
  • It can be rigid b/c of the plant cells minimal movement
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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • watery fluid that holds organelles in place
  • site of many of the cell’s chemical reaction
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4
Q

Nucleus

A
  • contains the DNA
  • contains the information for regulating growth, and has the instructions for how to make all proteins made by the cell
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5
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • involved in ribosome production
  • inside the nucleus
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6
Q

Organelle

A

Organelles are structures inside helps that allow them to carry out various functions

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • converts sugars into a form the cells can use
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8
Q

Chloroplast

A
  • harnesses the energy from the sun into sugars
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9
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

a) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (R.E.R):
- site of protein production
–>covered in ribosomes–>small dots in picture
b) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (S.E.R)
- site of lipid (fat) production

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10
Q

Ribosome

A
  • Produces proteins
  • can be floating in cytoplasm or stuck to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
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11
Q

Protein

A

Protein builds, maintains, and replaces the tissues in your body.

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12
Q

Golgi body

A
  • stores, packages, and processes material made by R.E.R and S.E.R –>puts materials in vesicles for transport
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13
Q

Vacuole

A
  • storage sac for water, nutrients, and wastes
    *plant cells have a large central vacuole filled with water
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14
Q

Vesicle

A
  • small sacs used to transport materials around the cell and across the cell membrane
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15
Q

DNA

A
  • The instructions in the nucleus
  • usually exists as strings, but coils up for cell division
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16
Q

Double-stranded helix

A
  • the shape of the DNA
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17
Q

Nitrogenous base

A
  • A, G, C, T bases
  • forms the rungs of the DNA ladder
  • complementary base pairings on each rung
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18
Q

Phosphate

A
  • On the sides of the ladder
    PO4
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19
Q

Sugar

A
  • On the sides of the ladder
    deoxyribose
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20
Q

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

A
  • the 4 nitrogenous bases
  • A,T G,C
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21
Q

Chromatin

A
  • uncoiled DNA (invisible under microscope)
  • It is wound around histone proteins, and the DNA is in this form during interphase
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22
Q

Chromosome

A
  • DNA coiled up (visible under microscope)
  • DNA is usually this form during mitosis
23
Q

Enzyme

A
  • accelerates chemical reactions
24
Q

Cell cycle

A
  • The process of cells dividing to produce new cells
25
Q

Interphase

A

G1(cell growth and prep for DNA replication), S (DNA replication, centrioles duplicated for mitosis), G2 (More growth, waits to divide)

26
Q

Mitosis

A
  • The process of cell division where 1 parent cell divides into 2 genetically identical daughter cells
  • The number of chromosomes remain the same
  • It is associated with asexual reproduction
27
Q

Prophase

A
  • first stage in mitosis where the chromatin coils up into visible chromosomes
  • the centrioles start to move to opposite ends of each cell
  • nucleolus, cell membrane breaks down
28
Q

Metaphase

A
  • nuclear membrane has disappeared
  • chromosomes are in the cytoplasm
  • centrioles send out spindle fibers
29
Q

Anaphase

A
  • spindle fibers pull centromeres apart, so a sister chromatid is going to each pole
  • each end of the cell will get a set of chromosomes (sister chromatid)
30
Q

Telophase

A
  • chromosomes uncoil
  • new nuclear membrane
31
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • cytokinesis will complete the separation to produce 2 cells with identical DNA
32
Q

Sister chromatid

A
  • DNA is copied during interphase, so when the DNA coils during prophase, the x-shaped chromosomes that are visible actually contain 2 copies - each arm (a copy) is called a chromatid and the whole shape is called a sister chromatid
33
Q

Centromere

A
  • structure that holds the sister chromatids together
  • spindle fibers appear to attach to the centromere
34
Q

Spindle fiber

A
  • Structures that attach to centromeres (metaphase) to pull them to opposite poles of the cell (anaphase)
35
Q

Centriole

A
  • organelles that send out fibers, and they help separate chromosomes during cell division
36
Q

Cell plate

A
  • A wall formed along the center of a cell during cytokinesis made from fused vesicles to divide the cell
37
Q

Meiosis

A
  • The process of cell division where 2 parent cell divides into 4 genetically varied daughter cells
  • The number of chromosomes splits into half
  • It is associated with sexual reproduction
38
Q

Crossing over

A
  • chromatins from your mom and dad (homologous) fuse to exchange genetic materials
  • chiasma is the piece of gene that was exchanged
  • tetrad is the name for the pair of chromosomes (4 chromatids)
39
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A
  • Chromatid pairs (one from each parent)
  • Homologous chromosomes are similar but not identical.
40
Q

Diploid, Haploid

A
  • Diploid: 2 sets of genetic material, 1 from mom 1 from dad
  • Haploid: 1 set of genetic material
41
Q

Gamete

A
  • cell (sperm, egg) with haploid amount of DNA
42
Q

Fertilization

A
  • offspring can be produced when sperm + egg gametes fuse
43
Q

Zygote

A
  • cell produced by fertilization of the egg by sperm = diploid
44
Q

Embryo

A
  • After fertilization, the zygote rapidly grows through mitosis
  • The bundle of cells is called an embryo from 8 weeks after fertilization
45
Q

Morula

A
  • first week of embryonic stage has many divisions, and forms a ball of undifferentiated cells about 0.2 mm in size
46
Q

Blastula

A
  • end of 2nd week of embryonic stage when the hollow ball of cells that are 1.5 mm start to form
  • cells still undifferentiated, called embryonic stem cells
47
Q

Gastrula

A
  • At 3-8 weeks of embryonic stage, the cells organize themselves into 3 layers
    -ectoderm (skin, nervous system), mesoderm (kidneys, muscles, blood vessels, reproductive organs, and bones), endoderm (lungs, liver, digestive system lining)
    (Order of outermost layer to innermost)
48
Q

Fetus

A
  • Embryo name after 8 weeks
  • cells become specialized
  • develops different tissues and organs
  • 3 trimesters organ systems, growth, continued growth
49
Q

Fragmentation

A
  • pieces of parent’s body breaks off, and some grow into whole new organisms
    -missing piece also regenerates
50
Q

Binary fission

A
  • organism splits into two identically sized off springs
51
Q

Budding

A
  • offspring starts as a bud on parent
  • separates when old enough to survive on its own
52
Q

Vegetative reproduction

A
  • plants send out special stems that produces identical but separate plants at certain points on the stem
53
Q

Spore formation

A
  • Spore cells produced by parent that are specifically evolved for dispersal (usually by wind)
  • each spore contains a set of DNA and cytoplasm

Science 9 (6 decks)

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