Biology Unit Test 1 Flashcards
A chemical process of combining monomers to form a polymer
Polymerization
A small molecule that may be chemically bonded to other like molecules to form a polymer
monomer
The type of chemical bond formed when two or more elements share electrons
Covalent bond
A long chain of monomers
Polymer
A chemical reaction that uses water to break apart a polymer into monomers
Hydrolysis
Any organic molecule produced by a living organism
biomolecule
A type of molecule that does not include carbon e.g. H2O, NH3, NaCl
Inorganic Molecule
The smallest portion of an element found in the period chart
Atom
A chemical reaction that combines smaller molecules and forms water as a byproduct; often used to form polymers
Condensation Reaction
A carbon-containing molecule that is associated with living organisms but may also be manmade
Organic molecule
The type of chemical bond formed when two or more elements gain or lose electrons
Ionic Bond
A large biomolecule that makes up living organisms; may be a protein, a carbohydrate, a lipid, or a nucleic acid
Macromolecule
An organic molecule made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; used as a source of energy and gives structure to some types of cells
Carbohydrate
A polysaccharide used in the cell walls of plants to give cells structural support
Cellulose
A polysaccharide that contains nitrogen groups; used to strengthen the exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects and the cell walls of many kinds of fungi
Chitin
A polymer of two simple sugars combined into one molecule.
Disaccharide
A monosaccharide produced by plants during photosynthesis; main source of energy for cells
Glucose
A simple sugar
Monosaccharide
A polymer of sugar, meaning a long chain of sugar molecules chemically linked together
Polysaccharide
Another name for “sugar” or for a sugar polymer
Saccharide
A polysaccharide made by plants to store energy
Starch
Another name for a condensation reaction in which monomers are combined to form a polymer
Dehydration Synthesis
A type of steroid used in cell membranes and also used to make steroid hormones
cholesterol
A type of lipid used to store energy and source of fatty acids
fat
An organic acid that contains a long chain of hydrocarbons (carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms)
fatty acids
“water-loving”; attracted to water
hydrophilic
“water-hating”;repelled by water
hydrophobic
organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but unlike carbohydrates, they do not dissolve in water
Lipids
A fat that has one double carbon-to-carbon bond
Monounsaturated fat
A types of lipid that helps to make up cell membranes
phospholipid
a fat that has all single carbon-to-carbon bonds and the maximum number of hydrogens attached to each carbon
saturated fat
A fat that has more than one double carbon-to-carbon bond
polyunsaturated fat
a type of lipid that can be present in cell membranes or can make up certain hormones
steroid
a type of lipid that is used to waterproof leaves, skin, feathers, etc.
wax
a belief or opinion that may affect experimental results
bias
factors that remain the same for all groups during an experiment
constants
the group that is used for comparisons; it does not received the tested element
control group
The measurable change that occurs because of the independent variable
dependent variable
a group that receives one element being tested
experimental group
the variable used to produce an effect
independent variable
a substance given to a control group that has no effect on the experiment but is used to eliminate bias
placebo
measured data; data associated with numbers or specific amounts
quantitative data
descriptive data; data not associated with numbers or amounts
qualitative data
having no opinion or being impartial
unbiased
a factor that is changed during an experiment in order to test its effect
variable
A visual representation of data used to show parts (or percentages) of a whole
Pie graph or circle graph
A visual representation of data used to show different quantities between different groups especially when data is not continuous.
Bar graph
a visual representation of data showing how something has changed over a period of time
Line graph
a description of a scientific experiment, data, or conclusion that is relevant or meaningful
scientifically valid
new procedures or devices that use scientific advances or discoveries for practical purposes
technology
the interpreted results of an experiment based on the data; may support or refute the hypothesis
conclusion
a way to format and organize data into rows and columns
data table
the best
optimum
a computer program that allows data to be entered into a table of rows and columns and also to be analyzed by using mathematical formulas
spreadsheet
Through photosynthesis, plant cells convert light energy into chemical energy. Which macromolecules are produced during this process?
Carbohydrates
which of the following is a polysaccharide?
glucose molecule
fat molecule
starch molecule
monosaccharide
starch molecule
Which of the following is considered a monosaccharide?
glucose
sucrose
starch
cellulose
glucose
Carbohydrates are constantly required by organisms to carry out what main function?
to provide a source of cellular energy
Similar to starch, cellulose is a complex carbohydrate. What compounds make up cellulose?
sugars
Plants store glucose as starch. How do animals store glucose?
as glycogen
What processes can break down glycogen stored in the liver into glucose?
polymerization
What three elements are most commonly found in carbohydrate molecules?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Name three examples of carbohydrates.
glucose, starch, cellulose
Name three examples of polysaccharides.
cellulose, chitin, starch
What are the organic molecules used for long-term energy storage called?
fats
What kind of lipid acts as chemical messengers?
steroid hormones
What are the two parts of a fat molecule?
glycerol, fatty acids
Describe the bonds in a saturated fat.
only one single carbon-to-carbon bond
Name three major functions of fat
insulation against cold
protection of organs
long term energy storage
What is the main function of phospholipids?
major component of cell membranes
The farmer tests the effects of sunlight on rate of bean seed germination. For this experiment, __________ depends on _____________.
What is the independent variable?
What is the dependent variable?
The bean depends of the sunlight
independent variable - sunlight
dependent variable - bean
An exercise physiologist tests the effects of caffeine on the heart rate of ten people. For this experiment, __________ depends on _____________.
What is the independent variable?
What is the dependent variable?
The heart rate depends of caffeine
independent variable - caffeine
dependent variable - heart rate
Students investigate the effect of temperature on seed germination. Before performing an experiment, the students decide how they will change the independent variable and count the number of seeds that germinate. Which variable should be different in each experimental group?
The number of seeds - Independent variable
Keven knows of two different supplements that claim the ability to increase muscle strength in weight lifters. To determine which supplement is best at increasing muscle strength, what is the minimum number of groups he should include in an experiment.
At least 3
There must be a control group and a group for each supplement being tested.
A pharmaceutical company gets FDA approval to test a memory enhancing medication on humans. The pharmaceutical company chooses 100 participants and splits them into two groups of 50 each. Once a day and over a period of 6 months, each participant is given a pill. In group A, the pill contains the medication. In group B, the pill contains no active ingredients. Once a week, the participants are given a test that measures their memory. the score for the test is recorded for each participant each week.
What is the independent variable in this experiment?
What is the dependent variable in this experiment?
Which group represents the control group?
Which group receives the placebo?
Independent variable - memory medication
Dependent variable - memory
Control group - Group B
Placebo - Group B
