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year 12: btec applied science > biology - unit one > Flashcards

biology - unit one Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are ciliated epithelium made up of?

A

goblet and ciliated cells

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2
Q

what is the nucleolus?

A

the centre of the nucleus responsible for producing ribosomes

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3
Q

what are the two types of filaments in a muscle cell?

A
  • actin - a thin myofilament and appears as a light band (called the I band) under the microscope
  • myosin - a thick myofilament and appears as a dark band (called the A band) under the microscope
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4
Q

what is tropomyosin?

A

a protein filament that prevents the myosin head from attaching to the binding sites on the actin molecule

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5
Q

what is the golgi apparatus?

A

a compact structure made up cisternae that has a role in modifying proteins and “packing them into vesicles”

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6
Q

what is the vesicle?

A

membrane sacs that are used to transport materials inside the cell

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7
Q

what does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

synthesises lipids and carbohydrates

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8
Q

what is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum ?

A

synthesises and transports proteins

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9
Q

what are lysosomes?

A
  • a type of vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes
  • breaks down waste material
  • digests pathogens ingested by phagocytic cells
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10
Q

what is the first step of the sliding filament theory?

A

Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm

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11
Q

what is the second step of the sliding filament theory?

A
  • calcium ions cause tropomyosin to unblock actin-binding sites
    -:calcium ions permit cross bridges to form between the actin filament and myosin head
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12
Q

what is the third step of the sliding filament theory?

A

myosin head uses ATP to pull on thr actin filament towards the line

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13
Q

what is the fourth step of the sliding filament theory?

A

The sliding of the actin filaments past myosin strands results in the shortening of sarcomeres, translating to the contraction of the muscle

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14
Q

what is the fifth step of the sliding filament theory?

A

Tropomyosin moves back to block calcium-binding sites when the calcium ions are removed from the sarcoplasm

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15
Q

what is the sixth step of the sliding filament theory?

A

1) Cross bridges between the actin and myosin are broken.

2) The thin and thick filaments slide away from each other and the sarcomere returns to its original length

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16
Q

what is gram negative bacteria?

A
  • thin peptidoglycan cell walls
  • they have an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane
  • can’t trap and retain the crystal violet stain, which can be easily washed away by ethanol
  • shows up as pink-red under a microscope
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17
Q

what is resolution?

A

the ability to distinguish between two objects that are close together

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18
Q

what is gram positive bacteria?

A
  • bacteria with thicker peptidoglycan cell walls than gram negative
  • they can trap and retain more of a crystal violet stain when it is applied
  • appear purple under the microscope
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19
Q

what is magnification?

A

how many times the image is being enlarged

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20
Q

what are squamous epithelial tissues?

A
  • a lining tissue made from flattened specialised squamous epithelial cells that are one cell thick and form a thin, smooth, flat layer
  • used for rapid diffusion
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21
Q

how can epithelium cells be damaged?

A
  • Epithelium cells can be damaged by smoking
  • Smoking irritates and causes inflammation and scarring in the epithelium tissue of the lungs
  • Alveoli walls become thicker due to scarring and produce more mucus.
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22
Q

what are the impacts of your epithelium cells being damaged?

A
  • loss of natural elasticity
  • breathlessness
  • persistent coughing
  • phlegm
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23
Q

what is ciliated epithelium?

A
  • tissue made up of goblit and ciliated cells with cilia covering the exposed cell surface
  • they line the trachea in the respiratory system in order to protect the lungs from infection via sweeping any pathogens away from the lungs
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24
Q

what are goblit cells?

A
  • column shaped
  • present in the respiratory tract
  • secrete mucus to help trap any unwanted particles that are present in air
  • protects the lungs and prevents bacteria reaching the alveoli
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25
Q

what are fast twitch glycolytic muscle fibres?

A
  • muscle fibres that have relatively less myoglobin, few mitochondria and few capillaries
  • contains a large concentration of glycogen that provides fuel for anaerobic respiration
  • contracts rapidly but also fatigue quickly
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26
Q

what are fast twitch oxidative muscle fibres?

A
  • muscle fibres that contain many mitochondria, myoglobin and blood capillaries
  • they are able to hydrolyse ATP much more quickly
  • contracts quickly
  • relatively resistant to fatigue
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27
Q

what is the function of a sensory neurone?

A
  • transmits impulses from a receptor to either a relay neurone, the brain or
    directly to a motor neurone.
  • has a dendron and an axon on
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28
Q

what is the function of the relay neuron?

A
  • transmits impulses between neurones
  • has short axons and dendrons
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29
Q

what is the function of the motor neuron?

A
  • transmit impulses to an effector, from a relay neurone or sensory neurone
  • has one long axon and many short dendrites
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30
Q

what are slow twitch muscle fibres?

A
  • more effective at using oxygen to generate energy in the form of ATP
  • these fibres help marathon runners and endurance cyclists to continue for hours
31
Q

what is the nucleus

A

the part of a cell that contains your DNA

32
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

made up of proteins and RNA and are responsible for protein synthesis

33
Q

what are the two important things that the cell theory states?

A
  1. both plant and animal tissue are composed of cells
  2. cells can only develop from existing cells
34
Q

what is RNA used for?

A

producing ribosmal RNA which combine protein to form the ribosomes needed for protein synthesis

35
Q

where are centrioles only found?

A

in animal cells

36
Q

what does the spindle do?

A

moves chromosomes during cell division

37
Q

what do centrioles do?

A

they produce cytoskeleton, which are a network of fibres

38
Q

what can inhibitory drugs do to synapses?

A
  • they can block the release of neurotransmitters
  • they could block the receptors
39
Q

what can stimulatory drugs do to synapses?

A
  • drugs shaped like neurotransmitters can bind to receptors
  • some drugs can stop the neurotransmitters from being broken down
40
Q

what happens to neurotransmitters at the postynapitc neurone?

A

they are broken down by enzymes and then are reabsorbed into the synapse

41
Q

what are amyloplasts?

A

a double membrane bounded sacresponsible for synthesising and storing starch granules

42
Q

what are tonoplasts?

A

the partially permeable membrane of the vacuole that allow small particles to pass through

43
Q

what are plasmodesmata?

A
  • microscopic channels that cross the plant cell wallls
  • they enable transport and communication between individual plant cells
44
Q

what is a pit?

A

the pores in the cell walls, allowing water to enter and leave xylem vessels

45
Q

what are plasmids?

A

small loops of DNAcarrying genes that may benefit the survival of an organism

46
Q

what is a capsule?

A

a slippery layer outside the cell wall that processes the wall and prevents dessication

47
Q

what is dessication?

A

what something loses water

48
Q

what is the nucleoid?

A
  • the irregularily shaped region that holds nuclear material without a nuclear membrane
  • where genetic material is located
  • controls cellular activity
49
Q

what is the pilus?

A
  • a hair-like structure associated with bacterial adhesion
  • related to bacterial colonization and infection
50
Q

what do epithelial cells help diffuse?

A

products of digestion, blood plasma and tissue fluids in and out of blood capillaries

51
Q

what is myofibril?

A

fibres made from myofilaments which allow contraction to take place

52
Q

what is ATP?

A

an enzyme that transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism

53
Q

what are sperm cells?

A

male gametes

54
Q

what type of tissue forms the lining inside of arteries?

A

endothelial

55
Q

what are the pros and cons of light microscopes

A

PROS:
- cheapaer
- easier to use
- can observe live specimen and specimen colour

CONS:
- lower magnification
- lower resolution
- small sctructures cannot be viewed

56
Q

what two organelles have a double membrane?

A

the nucleus and the mitochondrion

57
Q

why is the heart called an organ?

A
  • an organ is made is up of different tissues like the heart
  • the heart pumps blood around the body
58
Q

why are neurotransmitters reabsorbed?

A

it allows the resynthesis of nts after they break down

59
Q

what is endothelium?

A

a monolayer of endotheliac cells that constitutes the innr cellular lining of the blood vessels and the lymphatic system

60
Q

what is the name of the technique used to identify gram positive/negative bacteria?

A

gram staining

61
Q

what is L-Dopa?

A
  • precursor of Dopamine (1)
  • increases the amount of Dopamine {stored in / released by} the presynaptic neuron (1)
  • normal levels of dopamine stimulate the postsynaptic neuron
62
Q

explain how gram negative bacteria prevents penicillin being an effective treatment

A
  • gram-negative bacteria have an outer cell membrane that prevents penicillin from disrupting the cell wall
63
Q

root hair cell function:

A
  • large surface area = increases the rate of absorption of water and ions from the soil
  • thin cell walls for diffusion
  • mitochondria = for energy/active transport
  • vacuole = for low water potential
64
Q

why do root hair cells not contain chloroplasts

A
  • there is minimal light in the roots/soil
  • photosynthesis cannot take place
65
Q

what is one structural difference between the rough and smooth ER?

A

the rough ER has ribosomes attached to its surface

66
Q

rough ER?

A
  • has ribosomes attached
  • responsible for the formation of vesicles
  • transports proteins
67
Q

organ

A
  • a group of tissues
  • has vital functions
68
Q

describe how damage to the alveoli in the lungs leads to emphysema

A
  • emphysema is the destruction of the alveoili
  • alveoili walls thicken which then leads to inflammation/swelling
  • abnormally larger air spaces in the lungs is formed
  • decreased surface area
  • reduced gas exchange of oxygen into blood
  • alveoili loses elasticity
69
Q

sperm cell function:

A
  • the acrosome in the head contains enzymes so that a sperm can penetrate an egg
  • the head contains the genetic material for fertilisation in ahaploidnucleus
  • the middle piece is packed with mitochondria to release energy needed to swim and fertilise the egg
  • the tail enables the sperm to swim
70
Q

egg cell functions:

A
  • one of the largest cells in the human body
  • contains a nucleus which houses the genetic material
  • the zona pellucida is the outer protective layer/­mem­brane of the egg.
  • the corona radiata consists of (two or three layers) and supplies proteins needed by the fertilised egg cell
71
Q

smooth ER

A
    • flattened cavities surrounded by a thin membrane which do not have anything attached)
  • synthesises carboh­ydrates and lipids
72
Q

chloroplast

A

the organelle tthat uses light energy from the sun to make food

73
Q

what happens to the zona pellucida after the egg cell is fertilised?

A

the zona pellucida hardens and therefore prevents more than one sperm cell entering the egg cell

year 12: btec applied science (4 decks)

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