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Julia's Biology > Biology Unit 3 > Flashcards

Biology Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

component of the central nervous system

A

Brain -spinal cord

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2
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Controls voluntary activities and is brought about by skeletal muscles

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3
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Controls involuntary activities and is brought about by smooth muscle

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4
Q

Describe the relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic muscle fibres

A

They are antagonistic

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5
Q

What are the sympathetic actions

A

Increase heart rate and breathing -decreases peristalsis

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6
Q

What are parasympathetic actions

A

Decrease heart rate and breathing- increase peristalsis

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7
Q

What 2 neurons are present in the somatic nervous system

A

Motor and sensory neurons

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8
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex

A

Conscious thought and memory

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9
Q

What is the region of the cerebral cortex that receives neuron impulses from sensory organs

A

Motor area

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10
Q

What is the function of the motor area of the cerebral cortex

A

Sends nerve impulses to muscles and glands

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11
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum

A

Transport information from the cerebral hemispheres

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12
Q

What is sensory memory

A

All the visual and auditory information that enters the brain

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13
Q

what happens to information entering short term memory

A

Stores information for a short period of time process and data to limited extent -information can be displaced

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14
Q

2 characteristics of short term memory

A

limited capacity and proof by chunking

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15
Q

what is chunking

A

Combining pieces of information interrelated groups

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16
Q

what is the serial position effect

A

objects early in the sequence or recalled object at the end of the sequence

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17
Q

3 methods of encouraging the transfer of information to long term memory (roc)

A

rehearsal organisation collaboration

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18
Q

what are contextual cues

A

contextual Cues related to the time and place of the original encoding

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19
Q

what is the function of the myelin sheath

A

act as insulation and increases the speed of impulse conducting base allow low-level stimuli to be summated added together to cause impulses to be passed on

20
Q

what is summation

A

allow low level stimuli to be summoned to cause impulses to be passed on

21
Q

what’s the difference between an axon and a dendrite

A

axons carry nerve impulses away from cell bodies dendrites carry nerve impulses towards cell bodies

22
Q

whats the function of endorphins

A

Reduction of pain intensity euphoric feelings release sex hormones

23
Q

whats the function of dopamine

A

induces feelings of pleasure reinforces behaviour in the reward pathway

24
Q

what is the function of agonist drugs

A

bind to and stimulates receptors to mimic neurotransmitters so impulsive passed on

25
Q

2 way how neurotransmitters can be removed from the synapse cleft

A

by degradation by enzymes and by reabsorption reuptake by presynaptic membrane

26
Q

what’s the difference between drug addiction and drug tolerance

A

sensitisation increase in neural receptors through exposure to antagonists Can lead to addiction the exposure to agonistic drugs can lead to tolerance

27
Q

what are non- specific defences

A

Defences are general to any all individual pathogens

28
Q

how does the epithelium provide a physical barrier against pathogens

A

epithelium can form a barrier which prevents entry of pathogens

29
Q

2 examples of secretions from epithelial cells that provide defences against pathogens

A

acid secreted by cells in the stomach epithelium enzymes secreted by cells in stomach epithelium muscle secreted from a cell in stomach tears

30
Q

Name the molecules released by phagocytes which attract other phagocytes to the site of infection

A

antigens

31
Q

Describe the role of cytokines in cellular defence

A

attract more phagocytes to the site of the infection base defence which is specific and response to a particular antigen and pathogen

32
Q

State what is meant by specific cellular defence

A

hey are proteins on the surface of pathogen which trigger an immune response

33
Q

describe the role of non-self antigens in the immune response

A

divide repeatedly to produce a cloned

34
Q

describe what happens to be late besides immediately after it binds with an antigen

A

hypersensitivity b lymphocytes response to a normal harmless antigen

35
Q

responses allergic response

A

immune system regulation feel your least a response of T lymphocytes to self antigens

36
Q

autoimmune response

A

long-term existence of memory cells following a primary exposure to antigen allow rapid greater immune response to secondary exposure the same antigen

37
Q

What is immunological memory

A

caused by HIV which attracts and destroyed t lymphocytes increases individuals of vulnerability to opportunistic defectors

38
Q

describe the cause and effect of AIDS on an individual’s health

A

substances containing antigens that produce an immune response without symptoms of disease

39
Q

Describe what is meant by a vaccine

A

substance added to Vaccines to enhance the immune response

40
Q

explain the role of adjuvant in immunization

A

occurs when large percentage of population in immunized are immunised against infection important in reducing the spread of disease

41
Q

describe what is meant by herd immunity

A

occurs when a papa dim changes its antigens are memory cells are not effective against them

42
Q

describe what is meant by antigenic variation

A

scientifically planned experimental procedures to test a new drug is safe effective for licensed

43
Q

What is a clinical trial explain why it is good practice to create randomised groups in a clinical trial

A

to let the group and not biased towards a certain age gender of participants

44
Q

State why it is good practice to have as many participants as possible and clinical trial

A

to increase the reliability of data obtained reduce experimental hatters

45
Q

describe what is meant by Placebo-controlled trial

A

upper site is a blank which does not contain the drug under trial but is administered in the same way

46
Q

describe what is meant by double-blind trial

A

needed the participants northern doctors know which group of individuals has the vaccine

Julia's Biology (4 decks)

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