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Julia's Biology > Biology unit 2 > Flashcards

Biology unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

where are gametes produced in men

A

testes

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2
Q

where are gametes produced in women

A

ovaries

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3
Q

where is sperm produced

A

seminiferous tubules

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4
Q

where is testosterone produced interstitial cells

A

interstitial cells

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5
Q

why does the prostate gland and seminal vesicle secrete fluid

A

to maintain mobility and viability of sperm

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6
Q

what does the pituitary gland produce

A

hormones FSH and LH

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7
Q

what produces a releaser which stimulates the pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

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8
Q

what promotes sperm production

A

FSH

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9
Q

what hormone promotes testosterone

A

ICSH

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10
Q

what does testostosterone stimulate

A

sperm production

activates prostate gland and seminal vesicle

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11
Q

how long is the menstrual cycle

A

28 days

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12
Q

in what phase does the corpus luteum develop

A

luteal phase

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13
Q

what does progesterone promote

A

further development and vascularisation of the endometrium preparing for implantation if fertilization occurs.

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14
Q

what prevents further follicles of the ovarian hormone and pituitary gland from developing

A

negative feedback

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15
Q

what does the lack of LH lead to

A

degeneration of the corpus luteum

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16
Q

what does a drop in progesterone levels lead to

A

menstruation

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17
Q

how long are women fertile for

A

a few days during menstrual cycle

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18
Q

how long are men fertile for

A

continuously

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19
Q

by how much does a woman’s temperature rise after ovulation

A

0.5oC

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20
Q

what happens to the cervical mucus during ovulation

A

thins and becomes watery

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21
Q

by what is the treatment for infertility stimulated by

A

drugs that prevent the negative feedback of oestrogen and FSH secretion

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22
Q

what do other ovulatory drugs mimic

A

the action of FSH and LH

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23
Q

what do FSH and LH do to ovulation

A

cause super ovulation and can result in multiple births

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24
Q

why would super ovulatin be useful

A

to collect ova for in vitro fertilisation IVF

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25
Q

what is artificial insemination

A

when several samples of semen are collected

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26
Q

when is artificial insemination useful

A

when a male has a low sperm count

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27
Q

what is done when a partner is sterine

A

a donor may be used to provide sperm

28
Q

what does ICSI stand for

A

Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection

29
Q

what is Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection

A

when a man has a low sperm count

the head of the sperm is drawn into a needle and injected directly into the egg to achieve fertilisation

30
Q

what does IVF stand for

A

In Vitro fertilisation

31
Q

what is In vitro fertilisation

A

eggs are removed from the ovaries after hormone stimulation and the eggs are mixed with sperm in a culture dish
about 8 eggs are transferred into the uterus for implantation

32
Q

name a chemical method of contraception

A

oral contraceptive pill

33
Q

how does the oral contraceptive pill work

A

it’s a combination of synthetic oestrogen and progesterone that mimics negative feedback preventing the release of FSH and LH

34
Q

where is FSH and LH produced

A

pituitary gland

35
Q

what does the mini pill do

A

thickens the cervical mucus

36
Q

what does the morning after pill do

A

prevent ovulation or implantation

37
Q

what does antenatal screening do

A

identifies the risk of a disorder so that further tests and prenatal diagnosis can be offered

38
Q

how many ultrasound scans is a pregnant women given

A

2
a dating scan (determines pregnancy stage)
a due date

39
Q

when does a dating scan take place

A

8 to 14 weeks

40
Q

what does an anomaly scan do

A

detect serious physical abnormalities in the fetus

41
Q

when can an anomaly scan be taken

A

18 to 20 weeks

42
Q

what other minor tests are taken during pregnancy

A

blood and urine

43
Q

what does CVS stand for

A

Chorionic villus sampling

44
Q

why is CVS useful

A

can be carried out earlier in the pregnancy than amniocentesis

45
Q

what is the problem with CVS

A

has a higher risk of miscarriage

46
Q

what is a karyotype

A

an individual’s chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs

47
Q

what are the 4 patterns of inheritance

A

autosomal recessive
autosomal dominant
incomplete dominant
sex linked recessive

48
Q

what is postnatal screening used for

A

testing for PKU

49
Q

what is wrong with the genes during PKU

A

the enzyme which converts phenylalanine to tyrosine.

50
Q

in what order does blood circulate the body

A

arteries to capillaries to veins

51
Q

what happens to the blood pressure as if moves away from the heart

A

decreases

52
Q

why do veins have valves

A

to prevent backflow of blood

53
Q

what is the formula for heart rate

A

CO=HRxSV

54
Q

what does the aorta and pulmonary vein do

A

pump the same volume of blood through the left and right ventricle

55
Q

what are the cardiac cycle functions

A

diastole systole and ventricular systole

56
Q

what happens during diastole

A

blood returning to the atrial flows into the ventricle

57
Q

what happens during ventricular systole

A

closes the AV valves and pumps the blood out through the semilunar valves

58
Q

what produces the sound of the heart

A

the opening and closing of the AV and SL valves

59
Q

where is the pacemaker located

A

in the wall of the right atrium

60
Q

what does the pacemaker do

A

set the rate at which the heart contracts

61
Q

what happens to the blood pressure during ventricular systole

A

increases

62
Q

what happens to the blood pressure during diastole

A

decreases

63
Q

what is a typical blood pressure

A

120/80 mmHg

64
Q

how can PKU be treated

A

diet with tyrosine

65
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

the accumulation of fatty materials (cholesterol) forming an atheroma or plaque beneath the endothelium

66
Q

what happens to the artery as the arthroma grows

A

thickens and loses its elasticity

67
Q

what is thrombosis

A

the formation of a clot

Julia's Biology (4 decks)

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