Biology Unit 2 Flashcards
Diversity
Waxy Cuticle
Waxy coating that covers all plants to keep them from drying out
Vascular
Have vessels/tubes (xylem and phloem) that carries nutrients and water
Non-vascular
No vessels or tubes
Monocot
Seed creates 1 leaf as it sprouts
Dicot
Seed creates 2 leaves as it sprouts
Gymnosperms
Create seeds without fruit, often in cones
Angiosperms
Creates fruit for seeds
Meristems
Ares where cells undergo mitosis all the time. Occurs at the tips of roots and shoots for growth
Mosses
-Simple plant
-No vessels/tubes
-Small
-Undergo photosynthesis to create food
-Multicellular and have tissues
-Do not flower or produce seeds
-Use spores for reproduction
Ferns
-Contain vascular tissues
-Considered simple as they reproduce through spores
-Spread out by sending out horizontal stems (rhizomes)
Gymnosperms
-Pines, spruces, junipers, cedars, other cone bearing plants
-Needle like leaves to resist harsh winters and dry summers
Angiosperms
-Have vascular tissue
-Reproduce sexually using flowers that turn into fruits
-Fruit used to disperse seeds
-Most advanced version of plants
Fungi & Plants Similarities
-Cells are eukaryotic (contain nucleus)
-Numerous organelles
-Have cell walls
-Most anchored in soil or other substrate
-Reproduction can be sexual, asexual or both
-Stationary
-Multicellular and have tissues
Fungi & Plant Differences
Fungi-
-May have many nuclei per cell
-Heterotrophs
-Have few strange molecules
-No roots
-Have chitin in cell walls
-Reproduce through spores
Plants-
-Have 1 nuclei per cell
-Autorophs
-Store starch
-Most have roots
-Cellulose in cell walls
-Some reproduce by seeds
Fungi
-Breakdowns nutrients externally before being absorbed at or below the soil surface
-Most of what is seen above ground is the reproductive system
-Fungi may develop from a single spore so the “daughter” is an exact copy of the parent
-Can produce sexually if two spores with half a chromosome combine to create a new fungi
-Spores dispersed through air, water, or animals
-Fungi responsible for most decomposition
-In rainforests fungi are necessary to keep nutrient cycles moving
-Some fungi infect other organisms
-Molds, yeast, mushrooms, parasitic fungi (ex: athletes foot)
Lichen
-A combination of green algae (protist) and fungus growing together (mutualistic symbiotic relationship).
-This means both organisms benefit from each other and neither is harmed
-Attach to rocks, soil, and trees
-Three growth forms of lichen (crustose, foliose and fruticose)
Crustose
Adheres very closely to the substrates (base at which an organism moves/lives) at all points
Foliose
Lichen having a leaf-like thallus loosely attached to a surface
Fruticose
A coral like shrubby or bushy growth structure and is composed of a thallus and a holdfast
Lichen Thallus
Body of the Lichen
Lichen holdfast
A peg like extension of the thallus that helps anchor lichens to the surface
Antibiotics
-A group of drugs used to treat bacterial infections
-Effective against prokaryotic cells but leave eukaryotic cells unharmed
-Two types of antibiotics (bactericidal and bacteriostatic)
-Some prevent the formation of bacterial cell walls, resulting in osmotic lysis
Bactericidal
Kills bacterial cells
Bacteriostatic
Slows the growth or reproduction of bacteria
Antibiotic Resistance
-In the presence of an antibiotic bacteria with resistance to that antibiotic (due to genetic mutation) have an advantage
-They can survive and reproduce, giving rise to a population of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
-In some cases the resistance is evolving faster than the development of new antibiotics
Bacteria
-Make up 2 kingdoms (eubacteria and archaebactera)
-Prokaryotic (have no nuclear membrane)
-Have plasmids (circular pieces of DNA)
-Single celled organisms
-Reproduce asexually by cell division
-Oxygen can kill certain bacteria
-Can be heterotrophs (find food like parasites, decomposers) or autotrophs (use photosynthesis to make their own food)
-Reproduce through binary fission
Archaebacteria
-Closer to eukaryotes than than eubacteria
-Found in harsh environments like swamps, high salt, high temperature, or high acid
-Do not have a molecule
Eubacteria
-Are either spherical (cocci or coccus), rod shaped (bacilli or bacillus) or spiral (spirilla or spirillum)
-May live in groups, clusters or as individuals
-Have a molecule called peptidoglycan
-Some require oxygen while others don’t (aerobic=need oxygen)
Binary Fission
Bacteria creating another exact copy of themselves using cell division (asexual reproduction)
Bacteria Conjugation
Bacteria Exchanging parts of their DNA to end up with a new set of characteristics (sexual reproduction)
Bacteria Transformation
Bacteria pick up buts of DNA from its environment and gain new characteristics
Protista
-Single celled
-Eukaryotes (contain nucleus, nuclear membrane and other organelles)
-Most live in water
-More advanced than bacteria
-Three types of protista (plant-like, animal-like, and fungi-like)
Fungi-like Protists
-Prefer cool, dark, moist places (under leaves or rotting logs)
-Start as single celled amoeba like organism then organize into large, slimy mass
Plant-like Protists
-Contain chlorophyll and go through photosynthesis
-6 subgroups (phyla), all with their own characteristics
-Some are called algae
Algae
-Some are multicellular but don’t have tissues
-Found in soil, tree trunks and water
-Contain chlorophyll and other pigments for photosynthesis
-Can be called phytoplankton (unicellular or seaweeds (multicellular
-Over 50% of global oxygen supplied by algae
-Used in food, cosmetics, and drug capsules
Animal-like Protists
-Almost all are heterotrophs and engulf organisms to absorb nutrients directly into cell (exception is Euglena)
-Organized into 4 phyla based on how they move
-In bad conditions can go dormant (form cysts) and reactivate later
-eg, blood parasites, amoebas, paramecium, giardia
Euglena (characteristics if both plants and animals)
-Has one or two flagella to move it around
-Has an eyespot that senses light
-Cell membrane but no cell wall
-Chloroplasts
Viruses
-Not considered living since they cannot live outside of cells
-Cannot replicate on their own (must use host cells to replicate)
-Not made up of cells and lack cytoplasm, organelles and cell membranes
-Composed of genetic material (single stranded RNA or double stranded DNA) surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid
-Are infectious
To be considered living must be:
-Made up of cells
-Need and use energy
-Able to reproduce on their own
-Able to create waste
-Able to respond and adapt to their environment
Capsid
Protein coat surrounding the genetic material of a virus
RNA or DNA
Genetic material that virus are composed of (single stranded=RNA and double stranded=DNA
How to classify a virus
-Size and shape of capsid
-Shape and structure of the virus
-Type(s) of diseases the virus causes
-Genome (set of genes) and type of genetic material (RNA or DNA)
-Method of reproduction
Host Specificity
-Viruses may be limited to a particular plant or animal or even to a type of cell within an organism (they are selective)
Host Range
-The limited number of species that a virus will infect
-eg. rabies has a broad range and will infect many mammals
Receptor Sites
-External recognition areas of the host cell that guide the virus
-Proteins on the surface of the virus act like a ‘key’ to the receptors ‘lock’
