Biology Unit 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Characteristics of animals
A
-eukaryotic
-multicellular
-heterotrophic
-sensitive to stimuli
-reproduce
-protect themselves
-move
-Respire
-excerete
-grow
-different body symmetries
2
Q
Animals are grouped into two
A
-vertebrate
-invertebrate
3
Q
Vertebrates are classified into
A
-hemeothermic ( warm blooded )
-poikilothemic ( cold blooded )
4
Q
What are Hemeothermic animals?
A
They can regulate thier own body temperature
5
Q
What are poikilothermic animals
A
They are animals that can’t regulate thier own body temperature
6
Q
Vertebrates are further classified into homeothermic (warm-blooded) animals that include
A
mammals and birds
7
Q
Vertebrates are further classified into poikilothermic (cold-blooded) animals that include
A
fish, reptiles, and amphibians
8
Q
Invertebrates are also classified into
A
-porifera
-platyhelmentis
-Cnidaria
-Arthropoda
-annelinda
-echinodermata
-mollusca
9
Q
Arthropoda are further classified into
A
crustacea,Arachnida,insects and myriapoda
10
Q
This group of animals is the most diverse group of animals in
the world
A
Invertebrates
11
Q
Some invertebrates are made up of exoskeleton which is made up of
A
Chitin
12
Q
Are invertebrates cold blooded or warm blooded
A
Cold blooded
13
Q
are the most advanced groups in the animal kingdom
A
Vertabrates
14
Q
Vertebrates animals possesses a well-defined internal
skeleton system with cartilage and a
backbone or vertebral column separated
into
A
Axial skeleton (sternum,skull,ribs,vertebrae) and appendicular skeleton (griddles and appendages)
15
Q
Are all vertebrates chordates?
A
Yes but not all chordates are vertabrates
16
Q
The majority of animals undergo what type of reproduction?
A
Sexual reproduction
17
Q
Is asexual reproduction more common in invertebrates or in vertebrates
A
Among invertebrates
18
Q
and are the most common forms of asexual reproduction especially in aquatic animals.
A
Budding and fragmentation
19
Q
What is parthenogenesis
A
It’s a process in which an unfertilised egg develops into an adult
20
Q
What do gametes do?
A
They transmit genetic information from parents to offspring
21
Q
Where is the sperm produced? and where is it stored?
A
It’s produced in the testes and it’s stored in the epididymis until ejaculation
22
Q
Where does the ovum or the process go haploid cell mature
A
They mature in the ovary
23
Q
Where does the ovum or the process go haploid cell mature
A
They mature in the ovary
24
Q
The fusion of sperm cells with females gametes produce?
A
Zygote through the process of fertilization
25
What are the two types of fertilization and explain them briefly
-internal
Eggs are released from the ovary into the uterine tubes for fertilization
-external
Eggs are released to the aqueous environment
26
After fertilization, a series of developmental stages occur in embryonic development. Show the steps
First stage:cleavage (involves a series of mitotic cells)which results in eight celled structures
Second stage: cleavage resulting in hollow structures called blastula
Third stage: undergoes further cell division through the process called gastrulation which produces a gastrula that has different cell layers called “germ layers” which later develop into different tissue types,organs and organ systems by the process organogenesis
27
All insects have
-segmented bodies
-jointed legs
-external skeletons (exoskeletons)
28
What type of reproduction do insects go through
Sexual reproduction and have thier own life cycle
29
___________is the most common in Europe
The common frog( Rana temoraria)
30
_______________is a frog found throughout sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia
The grass frog genus Ptychadena Boulenger
31
Frogs such as _______________and ________________are found in the Bale Mountains and Shoa forests, Ethiopia.
Ptychadena harenna and Leptopelis ragazzi
32
What type of reproduction do frogs have?
sexual reproduction and have male and female reproductive structures
33
The eggs of frogs are covered in
a jelly-like substance
34
What type of fertilization do frogs have
Frogs have external fertilization however internal fertilization also occurs in a few species.
35
The larval stage of frogs is called
Tadpole
36
______________are large semi-aquatic reptiles that live in different parts of the world.
Crocodiles
37
The mating season for crocodiles usually begins?and where does it take place?
It usually begins July or august and takes place under water
38
What type of fertilization do crocodiles have
Internal fertilization
39
List some details about crocodiles eggs
-They lay their eggs and bury them in sand or deposit them in mound vegetation
-The number of eggs a crocodile deposits varies from 10 to 100, which
generally depends on the type of species
-they have leathery eggs
40
What type of fertilization do birds have
Internal fertilization
41
How do birds reproduce?
Sexual reproduction
42
Are most birds monogamous or polygamous
Monogamous
43
What is monogamous
It’s a mating system between a single adult male and a single adult female for entire breeding seasons
44
What is polygamous
It’s a mating system with several partners during a single breeding season.
45
What makes birds different from other organisms
Make birds don’t have external genital organs and the females have only one ovary
46
The oviduct consists of
-the infundibulum
-magnum
-isthmus
-uterus
-vagina
47
What is the purpose of the infundibulum
-It’s a funnel-shaped upper portion of the oviduct
-Its purpose is to search out and engulf the yolk, causing it to enter the
oviduct.
-it’s also where fertilization occurs
48
What is the nature and the function of the magnum
- It is the longest part of the oviduct.
- Secretion of albumen: nearly all the egg white is deposited in the magnum.
49
What is the nature and function of isthmus
-It is the relatively short portion of the oviduct
-Formation of shell membrane-inner and outer shell membranes
-The glands of the isthmus produce sulfur-containing amino acids that are
important for shell membrane formation.
50
What is nature and function of the uterus
- Developing an egg takes a longer period of time.
-Formation of eggshell-shell is formed over shell membranes.
51
What is the nature and function of the vagina
-The final section of the oviduct is the vagina, which is separated by a sphincter presents in between the uterus and the vagina
-During oviposition, relaxation of the muscles allows the egg to leave the uterus, and it is almost immediately laid through the cloaca.
52
How many hours does it take to completely develop an egg
25 hours
53
penguins and albatrosses lay ___________and chickens and ducks lay _____________
-few eggs
-more than 10 eggs
54
The major parts of the egg of a bird are
-the yolk
-the albumen
-the membranes and
-the shell
-the chalasa
-the air sac
55
What is a brood patch
A brood patch is a bare, vascularized area on a bird's abdomen that develops during breeding to help incubate eggs by providing warmth.it disappears at the end of the breeding season
56
What is the name of the tooth-like structure at the beak’s tip of a chick that is used to break the eggshell
An egg tooth
57
______________and____________are among the most common types of rats species
Black rat(rattus rattis) and brown rat(rattus norvegicus)
58
the black rats(rattus rattus) predominantly live in
Warmer climate
59
The brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are dominantly found in
Temperate regions
60
is a rat endemic to Ethiopia where it is confined to high altitude shrub and grasslands in the Afro-alpine habitat such as the Bale Mountains.
Giant Mole rat (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus) also known as the giant root rat
61
is representative of mammalian sexual reproduction
Reproduction in rats
62
The gestation period for a brown rat is
22 to 24 days
63
the gestation period for black rats is
usually 22 days
64
the gestation period for giant mole rats is
37-49 days.
65
Write the steps after fertilization in rats
each zygote divides and forms a hollow ball of cells that further develops into a blastocyst called a blastula——-The blastulas travel down the oviducts, implant in the uterine horns, and begin to differentiate into embryonic tissue and extra-embryonic tissue———-the embryo forms a neural plate, which later develops into brain and spinal cord——-the arm and leg buds become visible , the nervous system pathways develop ———-the rat gives birth to hairless, deaf with sealed eyelids offspring———-The mother feeds milk and, after 45 days, the young rats are fully weaned and are actively foraging and feeding
66
________________a complex system of connecting blood vessels nourishes the embryo from the mother
The umbilical cord
67
______________ transports oxygen from the mother to the embryo and removes waste from the embryo’s environment
The placenta
68
_____________ protects the embryo during pregnancy.
the amniotic sac
69
_______________the age of sexual maturity is 3–4 months old.
In brown-black rats
70
______________ mature when they are 4-6 months old.
Giant mole rats
71
Insects provide services to agriculture through:
-pollination
- regulation of pests
72
___% of crop production yielded in the world is a result of insect pollination
35
73
What is natural biological control?
It’s when insect predators and parasitoids are used for pest control
74
Important insects in pest regulation include:
Mantis,lady beetles, ground beetles, rove beetles, flower bugs, lacewings and hover flies
75
On what insects does stagmomantis feed on
stagmomantis is a species of mantis that feeds on grasshoppers and caterpillars (they damage crops)
76
What does chilomenes feed on?
Chilomenes is a ladylike beetle that feeds on aphids (they damage cotton plants) and destroys scale worms(pests of orange & lemon trees)
77
What does Epicauta feed on?
Epicauta is a blister beetle that eats up masses of eggs of locust
78
There are _______ edible insects
1462
79
Most insects are consumed in
Asia and Central America
80
List some features of insects that make them a candidate for solving food demand are
-they are everywhere
-they reproduce quickly
-they have high feed conservation rate
-high growth
-low environmental footprint
-they can be reared easily
-they are nutritious with high protein,fat and mineral content
81
What is the scientific name for honeybees
apis meliffera L.
82
What I the scientific name for silk worms
Bombyx mori
83
Shellac is secreted by
Max insects commonly laccifer lacca
84
Shellac is used in
dyes, inks, polishes, sealing waxes, and as stiffening agents in the fabrication of felt hats
85
Cochineal pigment is extracted from
Scale insects such as Dacylopius coccus
86
What is the use of cochineal pigment
-gives the colors in foods
-beverages
-cosmetics (lipsticks)
-art product.
87
How is tannic acid made
Tiny wasps in the family Cynipidae secrete some chemical and in response to this, the tree produces gall tissues that contain tannic acid
88
What are the uses of tannic acid
-dyeing goods made of leather
-for tanning and in manufacturing some inks
89
Locusts are particularly destructive in
Hot and dry regions
90
The most common insect pests of stored cereal grains are
-Rice weevil
-lesser grain borer
- rust red flour beetle
-sawtooth grain beetle
- flat grain beetle
91
Anopheles mosquitos transfer?
Anopheles mosquitoes transfer malarial parasites, “Plasmodium,” from one person to another
92
What do culex mosquitoes spread
They spread filariasis and transmit filarial worms from infected to healthy people
93
What does tsetse fly( Trypanosoma gambiense) spread?
It spreads the African sleeping sickness to the human population
94
What does the housefly ( Musca doméstica ) spread?
It spreads food and water borne diseases to human population
95
What is animal behaviour
It’s the way in which animals interact with other organisms and the physical environment
96
Animal behaviour can be categorized into
-innate (inherent) behaviour
-learned( acquired) behaviour
97
What is innate behaviour
It’s an inborn behavior that is determined by genes and independent of experience and specific to a species
98
Innate behaviour can be classified into
- instinctive
- reflexive
- orientative
99
What is instinctive behaviour
These behaviours are typically hardwired into an animals genetic makeup and are crucial for survival and reproduction
100
Give some examples of instinctive behaviour
-Web making in spiders
-Nest-building in birds
-Swimming with dolphins and other aquatic species
101
What is a reflex behaviour in animals
It’s a sudden, involuntary response to stumuli
102
What happens durning a reflex action
messages about pain do not travel all the way to and from the brain. Instead, they travel only as far as the spinal cord, and the spinal cord responds to the messages by giving orders to the muscles. This allows you to respond to pain more quickly
103
Orientation behaviour is classified into
- taxis
- kinesis
104
What is taxis and give some examples
is directed in relation to a given stimulus. It is the orientation of an animal in response to the source of stimulus. If the orientation is towards the stimulus, it is called as a positive taxis, and if it is away from the stimulus, it is known as a negative taxis.
Example: The movement of cockroaches away from the source of light
105
What is kinesis and give some examples
It is a type of locomotory behavior in relation to the source of stimulus.
It’s undirected and a random movement
Example- if an organism encounters an unfavourable condition it may increase its movement to find a more suitable environment
-The movement of woodlice in relation to the temperature around them
106
What is learned and acquired behaviour
It’s a behaviour that isn’t inherented and not determined by genes
107
Some simple learned behaviours include
-habituation
-classical conditioning
-operant conditioning
-sensitization
-insight learning
108
What is habituation
is a simple form of learning in which an animal stops responding to a stimulus, or cue, after a period of repeated exposure. This is a form of non-associative learning, in which the stimulus is not linked with any punishment or reward.
109
What is classical conditioning
is a result of associative learning in which a response already associated with one stimulus is associated with a second stimulus to which it had no previous connection
110
Who discovered classical conditioning
Ivan p.pavlov, a Russian physiologist
111
What are the three stages of classical conditioning
Stage 1: before conditioning .no new behaviour is learned
Stage 2: durning conditioning.at this stage the conditioned stimulus is associated with the unconditioned stimulus on a number of occasions or trails at this stage.
Stage 3: after conditioning.the conditioned stimulus has been associated with the unconditioned stimulus to create a new conditioned response
112
What is operant learning
is a result of associative learning in which a bit different from classical conditioning because it does not rely on an existing stimulus-response pair. Instead, whenever an organism performs a behavior or an intermediate step on the way to the complete behavior, the organism is given a reward or a punishment
113
Who discovered operant conditioning
B.F. Skinner
114
What are the three types of responses or operant behaviours
-neutral operant: are responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behavior being repeated
- Reinforcers: are responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behavior being repeated are called reinforcers. Reinforcers can be either positive or negative.
- punishers: are responses from the environment that decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated are called punishers. Punishment weakens behavior.
115
What is insight learning
is learning which is based on past experience and reasoning and is a hallmark of the human behavior
116
What is sensitization
also referred to as reverse tolerance, is a non-associative learning process in which repeated administration of a stimulus results in the progressive amplification of a response. It occurs when a stimulus is presented above the tolerance threshold
117
List some behavioural patterns in animals
-reproductive behaviour
-behavioural cycle
-social behaviour
-communication
-competition
-territory
118
What are behavioural cycles
are behavioral pattern in which animals respond to periodic changes in the environment. It can be daily or seasonal cycles.
119
One of the most important and well known cardiac rhythms is the
Sleep-wake cycle
120
Give an example of seasonal migration
the migration of various whale and
bird species from their summer habitats in the Arctic
or Antarctic to the tropical waters near the equator
and warmer latitudes, respectively
121
List some animals that exhibit social behaviour
Bees,wasps,ants,termites, elephants, penguins and human bieng
122
What are the two types of competition
-interspecific- between different species
-intraspecific- between the same species
123
Animals defend thier areas by _____________ instead of fighting
Displaying behaviour
124
Animals can communicate with
Aid of sight, sound, tactile( with body touch) and chemical cues( they produce special chemicals called pheromones)
125
What is homeostasis
is the self-regulatory process by which animals maintain stable internal conditions in their bodies
126
The four components of homeostasis are
-stimulus
-receptors
-control Center
-effector
127
________________is a control Center for homeostasis
The hypothalamus, a region of the brain,
128
One example of a receptor is
Thermoreceptors( the end of sensory neurons)
129
Organs or tissues that act as effectors are
-the kidney
-the liver
-heart
130
List three ways in which we maintain homeostasis
-thermoregulation
-osmoregulation
- blood sugar regulation
131
The other name for poikilothermic animals is?
Ectothermic
132
Homeothermic animals another name
Endothermic animals
133
Some ways in which animals conserve or retain heat are
-insulation
-vasoconstriction
-shivering
134
How does shivering warm the body
Shivering is the contraction of muscles
Muscle contractions require energy from respiration that releases heat to warm the body
135
Some ways in which animals lose heat are
-sweating
-vasodilation
136
Give an example of a body structure that helps maintain body temperature
large ears in hot areas help to lose heat and cool their body, whereas small ears and fur in cold areas help to minimize heat loss and keep their body warm
137
As the animal grows in size and the volume to surface area decreases does it have large heat loss or low heat loss
It has a lower heat loss
