Biology Unit 1 Booklet 3 Biomolecules, Enzymes and Digestion

Question 0

Monomers to a polymer

Answer 0

Condensation reactions

Question 1

Atoms made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and sometimes nitrogen ( held together by covalent bonds )

Answer 1

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids

Question 2

Polymer to a monomer

Answer 2

Hydrolysis reaction

Question 3

Carbohydrate contain the elements

Answer 3

Hydrogen
Carbon
Oxygen

Question 4

Carbohydrates include sweet tasting soluble sugars such as

Answer 4

Glucose
Sucrose
Lactose

Question 5

Carbohydrates include large polymers such as

Answer 5

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

Question 6

General formula of a monosaccharide

Answer 6

(CH2O) n

Question 7

Glucose is a _____________ sugar with the formula _______________

Answer 7

Hexose sugar

C6 H12 O6

Question 8

Glucose has many isomers but the two most important ones are

Answer 8

Alpha glucose

Beta glucose w

Question 9

Difference between alpha and beta glucose

Answer 9

The OH and the H atoms on carbon 1 are switched

Question 10

Alpha glucose polymerises into

Answer 10

Starch

Question 11

Beta glucose polymerises into

Answer 11

Cellulose

Question 12

Test for reducing sugars

Answer 12

Benedict’s test
Food sample dissolved in water
Equal volume of Benedict’s reagent
Heat in water bath. If present, solution turns from blue to orange brown

Question 13

Glucose linked to glucose forms

Answer 13

Maltose

Question 14

Glucose linked to fructose forms

Answer 14

Sucrose

Question 15

Glucose linked to galactose forms

Answer 15

Lactose

Question 16

When water is lost in a condensation reaction a _______________ bond is formed

Answer 16

Glycosidic bond

Question 17

Test for non reducing sugars

Answer 17

Heat with Benedict’s and see no colour change
Boil fresh sample with dilute HCl and then neutralise with NaHCO3
Reheat with Benedict’s and obverse colour change, blue to orange red

Question 18

Three common polysaccharides

Answer 18

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

Question 19

Polysaccharides general formula

Answer 19

( C6 H 10 O5) n

Question 20

Starch is found in

Answer 20

Many parts of plant in the form of grains and granules

Question 21

Starch consists of

Answer 21

200-100000 alpha glucose molecules joined by glycosidic bonds

Question 22

Test for starch

Answer 22

Add iodine solution to sample

Look for colour change from brown to blue black

Question 23

Glycogen is most abundant in

Answer 23

Liver and muscle cells

Question 24

Glycogen is found as _____________ in the cytoplasm

Answer 24

Insoluble granules in the cytoplasm

Question 25

Cellulose major component in plant cell walls because

Answer 25

String stable structure

Question 26

Cellulose consists of thousands of _____________ glucose molecules forming ____________ chains with ____________ bonds forming linkages between them

Answer 26

Beta glucose Linear chains Hydrogen bonds

Question 27

Proteins contain the elements

Answer 27

``` Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulphur ```

Question 28

Protein are polymers of

Answer 28

Amino acids

Question 29

The number of naturally occurring amino acids

Answer 29

20

Question 30

Two amino acids join by condensation to form

Answer 30

Di peptide

Question 31

The bond between amino acids is called a

Answer 31

Peptide bond

Question 32

A chain of many amino acids is a called

Answer 32

Polypeptide

Question 33

The primary structure if protein structure

Answer 33

Linear chains of amino acid Peptide bonds Mae by ribosomes Condensation

Question 34

The secondary structure of protein folding is

Answer 34

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets Hydrogen bond between hydrogen and oxygen Folding depended son type of R group present

Question 35

The tertiary structure of protein folding

Answer 35

Folds into specific 3D globular structure Disulphide bonds Ionic bonds Fibrous globular

Question 36

The quaternary structure of protein folding is

Answer 36

More than 1 polypeptide chain joins together More complex E.g. Haemoglobin

Question 37

The three types of proteins are

Answer 37

Fibrous protein which are long rope like structure to build materials such keratin and collagen Globular protein which are metabolically active molecules such as ligaments and antibodies A range of proteins are also found in membranes

Question 38

Several bonds stabilise protein structure

Answer 38

``` String peptide bonds- linking amino acids chains Weak but numerous hydrogen bonds Ionic bonds Hydrophobic interactions Occasional very strong disulphides bonds ```

Question 39

Some types of bond are easily affected by

Answer 39

Heat PH Other factors

Question 40

Test for proteins

Answer 40

Biuret test Add an equal volume of NaOH to the sample at room temperature and a few drops of CuSO4 Look for colour change from blue to lilac which indicates a peptide bond

Question 41

Digestion takes place in two stages

Answer 41

Physical breakdown | Chemical digestion main features if the digestive system

Question 42

Main feature of digestive system

Answer 42

``` Oesophagus Stomach Small intestines Large intestines Rectum Salivary glands Pancreas ```

Question 43

The oesophagus

Answer 43

Tube that takes food from the mouth to the stomach using waves of muscle contractions called peristalsis Mucus is secreted from tissue in the walls to lubricate the food passage downwards

Question 44

The stomach

Answer 44

Small sac Lots of food, allowing stomach to expand Entrance and exit controlled by the sphincter muscles Stomach walls produce gastric juices Gastric juices is hydrochloric acid, pepsin and mucus Pepsin hydrolysed proteins into smaller polypeptide chains Peristalsis turns food into chyme

Question 45

The small intestines

Answer 45

Duodenum and ileum Chyme moved along by peristalsis Duodenum, bile and pancreatic juices neutralise the acidity of chyme and breakdown to smaller molecules Ileum,small soluble molecules are absorbed through villi that line the gut wall Molecules are absorbed through diffusion - facilitated diffusion and active transport