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Biology unit 1 > Biology Unit 1 Booklet 2 Cells, Cell transport, Cholera > Flashcards

Biology Unit 1 Booklet 2 Cells, Cell transport, Cholera Flashcards

0
Q

Convert cm to mm

A

X 10

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1
Q

Convert m to cm

A

X 100

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2
Q

Convert mm to micrometers

A

X 1000

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3
Q

Convert micrometers to nm

A

X 1000

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4
Q

Working out magnification

A

Magnification = measure scale bar in mm x conversion factor
—————————————————-
Number on scale bar

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5
Q

Working out actual size

A

Actual size = measure organelle in mm x conversion factor
—————————————————
Magnification

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6
Q

Working out magnification without a scale bar

A

Magnification = measure organelle in mm x conversion factor
—————————————————-
Actual size in micrometers

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7
Q

Advantages of optical microscope

A

Small
Relatively mobile
View live specimen

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8
Q

Disadvantage of optical microscope

A

Poor resolution because light has a long wavelength

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9
Q

Two types if electron microscope

A

Transmission

Scanning

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10
Q

Transmission microscope

A

A beam if electrons through a sample so internal parts of the cell and organelles can be viewed
Produces 2D image in black and white called a micrograph

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11
Q

Scanning microscope

A

Send a beam of electrons which bounces off the surface of a molecule
Build up a 3D image of external surfaces

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12
Q

Advantage if electron microscope

A

Sorter wavelength therefore better resolution

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13
Q

Disadvantage of electron microscopes

A

Vacuum is expensive

Can’t view living things

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14
Q

Example of a Prokaryotic cell

A

Vibrio cholerae

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15
Q

An example if a eukaryotic cell

A

Epithelial cell

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16
Q

Prokaryotic cell
All bacteria possess a cell wall which is a mixture if sugars and peptide called…
This provides…

A

Peptidoglycan (murein)

A physical barrier against mechanical damage

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17
Q

Prokaryotic cell

Many bacteria also possess an external layer for further production

A

Capsule

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18
Q

Prokaryotic cell

Cholera bacteria also have a ______________ which rotates at its base and is used for moving through liquids

A

Flagellum

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19
Q

Prokaryotic cell

Inside the cell, what selectively controls the substances entering on leaving the cell?

A

Plasma membrane

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20
Q

Prokaryotic cell

Some Organelles are found dispersed in

A

Cytoplasm

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21
Q

Prokaryotic cells
The ___ S _________________ are where the cells proteins are made. These are found floating around freely in the cytoplasm

A

70

Ribosomes

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22
Q

Prokaryotic cells

The DNA of the bacterium is not not held within a membrane bound nucleus- the structure is known as

A

Nucleoid

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23
Q

Prokaryotic cell

The DNA is ___________ and does not form ___________________________________

A

Circular

Chromosomes associated with proteins

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24
Prokaryotic cells Many bacteria also contain smaller rings of DNA possessing important genes for the survival of the bacterium called... E.g..........
Plasmid | Antibiotic resistance
25
Matrix is
Solution full of enzymes
26
Cristae is
Increased surface area for respiration
27
Stroma is
Liquid
28
Granum (stack of thylakoids)
Absorbs light for photosynthesis | Chlorophyll
29
What has ribosomes
Prokaryotes Animal eukaryotes Plant eukaryotes
30
What has rough endoplasmic reticulum
Animal eukaryotes | Plant eukaryotes
31
What has smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Animal eukaryotes | Plant eukaryotes
32
What has Golgi apparatus
Anima eukaryotes | Plant eukaryotes
33
What has a cytoplasm
Prokaryotes Animal eukaryotes Plant eukaryotes
34
What has a plasma membrane
Prokaryotes Animal eukaryotes Plant eukaryotes
35
What has a plasmodesma
Plant eukaryotes
36
What has a chloroplast
Plant eukaryotes
37
What has centrioles
Animal eukaryotes | Plant eukaryotes
38
What has a nucleoid
Prokaryotes
39
What has a nucleolus
Animal eukaryotes | Plant eukaryotes
40
What has plasmids
Prokaryotes
41
What has microvilli
Animal eukaryotes
42
What has a flagellum
Prokaryote
43
What has a capsule
Prokaryotes
44
What has mitochondria
Animal eukaryotes | Plant eukaryotes
45
What has a cell wall
Prokaryotes | Plant eukaryotes
46
What has lysosomes
Animal eukaryotes | Plant eukaryotes
47
Explain about ATP
Produced by mitochondria | During aerobic respiration
48
Mitochondria can be found in
Rib muscles Heart Brain Muscles
49
ATP is needed for
Muscle contractions Active transport Nerve impulses
50
Fractionation happens in three steps
Homogenisation Filtration Ultracentrifugation
51
Why ice cold
Slows down enzymic activity of the lysosomes to prevent the broken lysosomes from digesting other organelles
52
Why isotonic
Prevents water entering or leaving the organelle by osmosis so that the organelle does not burst or shrink
53
Why buffer solution
Maintains a constant pH so that proteins within the organelle are not denatured and so the organelles do not lose their structure
54
Why homogenate
Remove cell debris
55
Heaviest to lightest organelles
``` Cell debris Nuclei Mitochondria Lysosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes ```
56
What is a saturated fatty acid
There are no double bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain
57
Unsaturated fatty acids
Has double bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain
58
A triglyceride
A glycerol 3 fatty acids A condensate reaction
59
Fluid mosaic model
Cell membrane structure Protein molecule in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids Bilayer is rigid
60
Fluid mosaic model | Why fluid
Semi liquid | Contain cholesterol
61
Fluid mosaic model | Why mosaic
Made of different molecules
62
Functions of membrane protein
``` Intercellular communications Transport Immune functions Structural purposes Enzymes Receptors (glycoproteins) ```
63
Lipids contain the element
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
64
Main role of lipids
Insulation Internal organ protection Buoyancy in some aquatic animals Water proofing in some animals e.g. Bird feathers
65
Triglycerides are formed by the condensation of
Three fatty acids | On molecule of glycerol
66
Di glycerine
Two fatty acids One fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate group One molecule of glycerol
67
The bond that joins glycerol to a fatty acid
Ester bond
68
If there is a concentration difference, what will take place down the concentration gradient
Diffusion
69
Diffusion is
The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane
70
What law applies to diffusion across any surface
Fick's law
71
Diffusion transport does not need ATP therefore is
Passive
72
The only molecules that can diffuse passively are
Small Non polar Lipid soluble
73
Cells that are efficient at diffusion have
Large surface area to volume ratio | I.e. large surface area, small volume
74
The smaller the cell, the more efficient it will be because
Surface area to volume ration will be higher
75
The molecule that diffuse across the membrane by facilitated diffusion are
Large water soluble molecules like glucose and amino acids | Ions such as Na+, K+, Cl-
76
To get across hydrophobic zone in facilitated diffusion, what are used
Transmembrane proteins
77
Facilitated diffusion | The transmembrane protein can act as ____________ or _______________
Carriers-> big -> glucose | Channels -> small -> ions
78
Facilitated diffusion is ____________ it needs no energy
Passive
79
Facilitated diffusion down or against the concentration gradient?
Down
80
A cell may need to move molecules or ions across the membrane against a concentration gradient by
Active transport
81
Active transport only uses
Carrier proteins
82
Active transport needs energy from
ATP
83
In active transport, each protein is
Specific
84
Endo and exocytosis needs __________ to work
ATP
85
Endocytosis takes materials into the cell - how
The membrane folds in and engulfs the material | This creates a vesicle
86
Exocytosis works by
Vesicles formed inside the cell ( from the Golgi body) empty the contents to the outside
87
Pure water has.
A low water potential
88
Water potential is measured in
Kilo pascals (kPa)
89
Water can pass freely across the membrane but solute can't therefore
Water will pass thought the membrane from a solution of high (less negative) water potential to a more negative
90
Osmosis is
The net movement of water from an area of less negative water potential to an area of more negative water potential across a selectively permeable membrane
91
Hypotonic red blood cell
Lynsey
92
Isotonic red blood cell
Normal
93
Hypertonic red blood cell
Shrivelled
94
Hypertonic plant cell
Plasmolyzed
95
Isotonic plant cell
Flaccid
96
Hypotonic plant cell
Turgid
97
Simple diffusion | Energy required?
No ATP
98
Simple diffusion | Direction of flow?
Down concentration gradient
99
Simple diffusion | Carrier protein / phospholipid / channel?
Phospholipids
100
Simple diffusion | Molecules?
Small, non polar, lipid soluble (CO2, O2)
101
Simple diffusion | How to speed it up?
Increase temperature Increase surface area Decrease diffusion pathway Increase concentration gradient
102
Facilitated diffusion | Energy required?
No ATP
103
Facilitated diffusion | Direction of flow?
Down a concentration gradient
104
Facilitated diffusion | Carrier protein/ phospholipid / channel?
Carrier and channel protein
105
Facilitated diffusion | Molecules?
Amino acids Glucose Ions
106
Facilitated diffusion | How to speed it up?
``` Increase temperature to optimum Increase surface area Decrease diffusion pathway Increase concentration gradient Increase carrier protein number ```
107
Active transport | Energy required?
Needs ATP
108
Active transport | Direction if flow?
Against concentration gradient
109
Active transport | Carrier / phospholipid / channel?
Carrier protein
110
Active transport | Molecules?
Minerals, ions ( glucose, amino acids)
111
Active transport | How to speed it up?
``` Increase temperature to optimum Increase surface area Decrease diffusion pathway Increase concentration gradient Increase carrier protein number Increase mitochondria ```
112
Osmosis | Energy required?
No ATP
113
Osmosis | Direction of flow?
Down a concentration gradient
114
Osmosis | Carrier / phospholipid / channel?
Phospholipid
115
Osmosis | Molecules?
Water
116
Osmosis | How to speed it up?
Increase temperature Increase surface area Decrease diffusion pathway Increase concentration gradient
117
Process of cholera infection
Bacterium anchors to small intestines epithelial cells using flagellum so it does not get flushed out Secretes a protein by exocytosis, one part binds to a specific receptor (protein is complementary to the shake of the receptor ) Other protein ( exotoxins) binds and disrupts Cl- ion channel found in the epithelial cell membrane Cl- ion diffuses from elks into the lumen ( passive, down gradient - low to high ) Water potential of lumen is more negative and water potential of cells are less negative H2O moves from less to more negative water potential ( from cells to lumen )
118
Treatment for cholera
Oral rehydration therapy Antibiotics Vaccine
119
Rehydration solution contains
Sodium which encourages reabsorption if water Glucose which stimulates uptake of sodium and provides energy Potassium which stimulates appetite Boiled water

Biology unit 1 (9 decks)

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