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2020 > Biology Unit 1+2 > Flashcards

Biology Unit 1+2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 osmoregulation adaptations for plants?

A

Hydrophytes
Mesophytes
Xerophytes
Halophytes

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2
Q

What are hydrophytes?

A

Plants that are partly or fully submerged in water
- Large leaves to photosythesise
- Reduced roots
E.g. Lilly pads

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3
Q

What are mesophytes?

A

Plants in moderatly watered soil
Not adapted to wet or dry environments
E.g. Clover, daisy

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4
Q

What is are xerophytes?

A

Plants with little to no moisture
- Adapted to hold and store water
- Resist extreme conditions
E.g. Cacti

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5
Q

What are halophytes?

A

Plants that live in salty enviroments

E.g. mangroves

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6
Q

What makes photosythsis work?

A

The chloroplasts

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7
Q

What is inside the chloroplasts?

A

Stroma -> thylakoids -> chlorophyll

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8
Q

What happens in the light dependant reactions?

A

Inside the thylakoids, the chorophll absorbs the light and ‘excites’ the electrons, making energy.

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9
Q

What happens in the light independent reactions?

A

The calvin Benson cycle. The stroma mixes the hydrogen, carbon dioxide and extra ATP to create glucose.

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10
Q

What is the process of aerobic cell respiration?

A

Glycosis -> Krebs Cycle -> Electron transport chain

Glucose reacts with oxygen forming ATP

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11
Q

What do stomata do?

A

Gas exchanges in the plant

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12
Q

What does the stomata at night?

A

Close to save water

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13
Q

What is a physiological adaptation?

A

Things that happen inside the body

E.g. temp regulation, releasing anti freeze proteins to not freeze

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14
Q

What is a behavioural adaptation?

A

Things an animal knowingly do to survive

E.g. huddling together to share heat, hibernating

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15
Q

What is a structural adaptation?

A

Things on the body

E.g. shorter/longer tails

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16
Q

What is a enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst that speeds up the reaction rate.

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17
Q

What enters the enzyme?

A

A substrate into the as active site

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18
Q

What is the lock and key hypothesis?

A

The substrate and enzyme fit perfectly together by themselves

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19
Q

What is the induced fit hypothesis?

A

The enzyme molds around the substrate to fit into the active site.

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20
Q

What is the optimum temperature for an enzyme?

A

Around 37°C

21
Q

What is the optimum pH level for enzymes?

A

It is different for each enzyme.

22
Q

What factors effect enzymatic activity?

A

Temp., pH, Enzyme concentration and Substrate concentration.

The concentration can become too much, making the process slower.

23
Q

What is are prokaryotes?

A

Unicellular organisms, no nucleus

E.g. bacteria

24
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Multicellular organisms, have nucleus and organelles surrounded by membrane.
E.g. all animals and plants

25
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Creates energy for the cell

26
Q

How much mitochondria does a cell have?

A

As much as it needs, if it needs more energy, it will have more mitochondria

27
Q

What is the process of mitochondria?

A

Takes in oxygen -> produces C02 and ATP energy

28
Q

Where is the pituratory gland found?

A

In the brain (middle low)

29
Q

What is on the O2 Dissociation curve

A

Saturation (vertically) pressure (bottom)

30
Q

What happens on the right side of the dissociation curve?

A

Increased temp, lower pH

31
Q

What happens on the left side of the dissociation curve?

A

Lower temp, higher pH

32
Q

What hormones does the pituratory gland produce?

A

Growth, testosterone, oestrogen, etc…

33
Q

What is antigen?

A

BAD comes on the virus/forgien body

34
Q

What is a antibody?

A

GOOD immune response to the intruder. Special forces that hunt down the antigen

35
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

A physiological process that attempts to reach a stable equilibrium.

36
Q

What are some examples of Homeostasis in the human body?

A

Temperature, Blood sugar level,

37
Q

What is a negative feedback system?

A

When the stimulus is negativity effected. E.g. fell cold so you move to warm up, not feeling cold anymore

38
Q

What are the 3 tonics?

A

Hypertonic, Isotonic, Hypertonic

39
Q

What is a Osmoconformer?

A

Things that have the same osmotic pressure as the environment around them. They conform to their environment

40
Q

What is a Osmoregulator?

A

Things that regulate the water against their environment

41
Q

What is Osmoregulation?

A

The balance of water and salt

42
Q

What is facilitated Diffusion?

A

When nutrients too big go through the proteins (no energy, still goes with the concentration gradient)

43
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

When the thing is wrapped around the membrane to enter the cell forming a VESICLE

44
Q

What is an Ectotherm?

A

An animal that relies on their external environment to warm up / cool down

45
Q

What is a Endotherm?

A

Enderdragon, Generate heat internally (birds, etc.)

46
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

When the water goes with the concentration gradient in or out of the cell

47
Q

What is a Pathogen?

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, worms etc… things that disrupt the normal physiological rhythm

48
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of molecules against the concentration gradient, uses cell ATP energy and the proteins.

49
Q

What are the 2 hydro’s in the cell membrane?

A

Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic

2020 (4 decks)

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