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Additional Biology > Biology Topic 2 - Life Processes > Flashcards

Biology Topic 2 - Life Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by the term respiration?

A

The process if breaking down glucose to release energy, which goes on in every living cell.

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2
Q

How do all living things get energy from food?

A

Respiration

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3
Q

Give some examples of what energy is used for.

A
  • Build up larger molecules (like proteins)
  • Contract muscles
  • Maintain a steady body temperature
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4
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose+oxygen–>carbon dioxide+water(+energy)

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5
Q

What is meant by the term aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration using oxygen (aerobic=with air). It’s the most efficient way to release energy from glucose.

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6
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

Carries glucose, oxygen + carbon dioxide around the body in the blood

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7
Q

Where does the glucose, needed for respiration, come from?

A

Breaking down food in the digestive system

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8
Q

Where do we get the oxygen from for respiration, and what is the waste removed in its place?

A

Lungs; carbon dioxide is breathed out

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9
Q

What are the smallest blood vessels in the body called?

A

Capillaries

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10
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

All cells in the body have capillaries nearby to supply them with glucose and oxygen and take away waste carbon dioxide.

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11
Q

How do substances like glucose, oxygen and carbon dioxide move between cells and capillaries?

A

Diffusion

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12
Q

What is meant by the term diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a partially permeable membrane.

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13
Q

Explain why oxygen and glucose diffuses from the blood into cells.

A

Glucose and oxygen are used up in respiration, meaning their concentration in cells is low. Therefore, the concentration in the blood is higher, so it diffuses across the capillary into the cells.

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14
Q

Explain why carbon dioxide diffuses from cells into the blood.

A

Cells produce carbon dioxide in respiration, therefore meaning the concentration in cells higher than that of the blood, so carbon dioxide diffuse from the cells to the blood.

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15
Q

How does a bigger concentration difference affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Faster rate of diffusion.

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16
Q

Why do you need more energy during exercise?

A

Muscles need more energy to contract, as they are moving more frequently than normal. This excess energy comes from increased respiration.

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17
Q

If you have an increase in respiration, cells get more what?

A

Oxygen

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18
Q

What two things increase when you respire more?

A

Breathing rate - to get more oxygen into the blood.
Heart rate - to get the oxygenated blood around the body faster.
Removes carbon dioxide more quickly at the same time.

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19
Q

What happens in terms of diffusion you respire more?

A

Increased rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen at the lung surface and in muscle cells.

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20
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

During vigorous exercise.

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21
Q

What is the word equation for cardiac output?

A

cardiac output=heart rate X stroke volume

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22
Q

What is meant by the term stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood pumped out the heart in one beat.

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23
Q

What is meant by the term cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood circulated by the heart in a given time (one minute).

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24
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

There is not enough oxygen available.

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25
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

glucose–>lactic acid(+energy)

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26
Q

Which type of respiration releases more energy?

A

Aerobic respiration

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27
Q

How can anaerobic respiration cause cramps?

A

The build up of lactic acid in muscles.

28
Q

What is an advantage of anaerobic respiration?

A

Can use muscles for longer.

29
Q

What happens in terms of oxygen after anaerobically respiring?

A

You have to give muscles the oxygen they didn’t get before (when anaerobically respiring). The oxygen you need to give to the muscles is called excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC).

30
Q

What happens to breathing and heart rate immediately after anaerobic respiration?

A

Breathe hard for a while to get more oxygen into the body.
Heart rate stays high to get the oxygen to the muscles, where it converts the built up lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water.

31
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

A process of plants to produce their glucose.

32
Q

Where does photsynthesis occur?

A

In all green plants’ chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight.

33
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide+water -sunlight-> glucose+oxygen

34
Q

How are leaves adapted to make them efficient at photosynthesizing?

A

Broad, large surface area exposed to light.
Leaves contain chlorophyll in chloroplasts to absorb light.
Leaves are full of little holes called stomata, which open and close to let carbon dioxide and oxygen in and out, as well as allowing water vapor to escape (transpiration).

35
Q

What three factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Light
Carbon dioxide
Temperature

36
Q

Explain how light affects the rate of photosynthesis.

A

Light is needed for photosynthesis.
As light levels increase, therefore, rate of photosynthesis increases steadily (up to a certain point).
Beyond the certain point, light will no longer be limiting factor - carbon dioxide or temperature is.

37
Q

Describe the graph showing how light affects the rate of photosynthesis.

A

x axis is light intensity, y axis is rate of photosynthesis. Increases at a steady rate up to a point, where it plateaus.

38
Q

Explain how carbon dioxide affects the rate of photosynthesis.

A

Carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis.
As carbon dioxide levels increase, therefore, rate of photosynthesis increases steadily (up to a certain point).
Beyond the certain point, carbon dioxide will no longer be limiting factor - light or temperature is.

39
Q

Describe the graph showing how carbon dioxide affects the rate of photosynthesis.

A

x axis is percentage level of carbon dioxide, y axis is rate of photosynthesis. Increases at a steady rate up to a point, where it plateaus.

40
Q

Explain how temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis.

A

The enzymes needed for photosynthesis work slower at lower temperatures.
If the plant gets too hot, the enzymes become denatured, usually at 45 degrees centigrade.

41
Q

Describe the graph showing how temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis.

A

x axis is temperature, y axis is rate of photosynthesis. Rate of photosynthesis increases with temperature (slight increase curve in gradient of line), where it gradually reaches a peak, and then fall quickly back to zero at 45 degrees where the enzymes are denatured.

42
Q

What is meant by the term osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration of water to an area of low concentration of water (down a concentration gradient) across a partially permeable membrane.

43
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

A membrane with small holes in it, so that only tiny molecules can pass through it.

44
Q

In osmosis, which way do the water molecules move through the membrane and why?

A

Both ways because the molecules move about randomly all the time.

45
Q

What is the net movement of the water and why?

A

Net movement into the lower concentration because there are more water molecules moving through the membrane to the less concentrated areas than the other way around.

46
Q

Explain some details about osmosis.

A

Passive - does not require energy.
Moves from an area of high concentration of water to an area of low concentration of water.
Is a special type of diffusion.

47
Q

Explain how root hair cells take in water.

A

Roots grow long hairs, filled with microscopic hairs that branch out, giving a large surface area to absorb water.
There’s usually a higher concentration of water in the soil than the root hair cells, so enters through osmosis.

48
Q

Explain how root hair cells take in minerals.

A

Root hairs take in minerals, but the concentration of minerals in the soil is usually lower than that of the root hair cells. Active transport occurs, which requires energy from respiration to pull minerals in against the concentration gradient. Minerals are essential for the plants’ growth.

49
Q

What is the role of the xylem?

A

Transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves, and is made up of columns of hollow, dead reinforced cells.

50
Q

What is the role of the phloem?

A

Transports sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant to grow or store. Made up of column of living cells.

51
Q

Explain transpiration.

A

Evaporation and diffusion of water from inside the leaves, creating a slight shortage of water in the leaf, so more water is drawn up from the rest of the plant through the xylem vessels. In turn, this means water is drawn up from the roots, so there’s a constant transpiration stream through the plant.

52
Q

What causes transpiration?

A

The stomata in the leaf allow gas exchange, but as there is usually more water in the leaf than the air outside, water escapes through the stomata.

53
Q

Does the transpiration stream give the plant a constant supply of water for photosynthesis?

A

No

54
Q

What is a habitat?

A

The place where an organism lives.

55
Q

What is the distribution of and organism?

A

Where an organism is found.

56
Q

What is a pooter?

A

Jars with a rubber bung sealing the top, and two tubes coming out of the top (one covered with a mesh)

57
Q

How do you use a pooter?

A

Suck on the tube with mesh covering it inside the jar, and suck to suck up bugs (mesh stops sucking bugs into body).

58
Q

How do you use a pooter to compare the distribution of organisms in different locations?

A

Use the pooter, and then record insects caught. Use again in a different location and compare the animals found there.

59
Q

What is a pitfall trap, how to use it and how to use it to compare the distribution of insects in different locations?

A

Steep sided containers that are sunk into a hole in the ground. Top is partly open so insects can fall in. Leave the trap overnight in first sample area, and insects fall in. Count and compare to other areas.

60
Q

What is a sweep net?

A

A net lined with strong cloth to collect spiders/insects etc. from long grass.

61
Q

How do you use a sweep net to compare the distribution of insects in different locations?

A

Stand still in first sample area and sweep net left to right once. Quickly sweep net up once, put bugs in a container and count. Repeat in a second area and compare.

62
Q

What is a pond net used for?

A

Collecting insects, water snails etc. from ponds and rivers.

63
Q

How do you use a pond net to compare the distribution of organisms in different locations?

A

Stand in sample area and sweep net along the bottom of the pond/river. Turn the net out in a white tray with a bit of water to count the organism caught. Repeat in a second sample area and compare.

64
Q

How do you use a quadrat to study the distribution of small organisms?

A

Place a 1m2 quadrat on ground in a random point.
Count all organisms within quadrat.
Repeat in the same area.
Work out the mean number of organisms per quadrat within first sample area.
Repeat all previous steps in different areas.
Compare the means.

65
Q

How do you measure light intensity?

A

Light sensor

66
Q

How do you measure soil pH?

A

Indicator liquid (changes colour, compared to colour chart of pHs). Electric pH monitors can also be used.

Additional Biology (3 decks)

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