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GCSE > Biology - Topic 1 Cell Structure and Transport > Flashcards

Biology - Topic 1 Cell Structure and Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the basic unit of life.

A

The cell.

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2
Q

Define the two main types of cells.

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic.

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3
Q

How does a prokaryotic cell differ from a eukaryotic cell?

A

A prokaryotic cell lacks a nucleus, while a eukaryotic cell has a nucleus.

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4
Q

Explain the role of the cell membrane.

A

It controls what enters and leaves the cell.

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5
Q

What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?

A

It contains DNA and controls the cell’s activities.

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6
Q

Identify where respiration occurs in a cell.

A

In the mitochondria.

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7
Q

What is the purpose of ribosomes in a cell?

A

To make proteins.

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8
Q

Describe the cytoplasm.

A

A jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions occur.

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9
Q

What structure provides support to plant cells?

A

The cell wall.

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10
Q

What is the composition of the cell wall in plant cells?

A

Cellulose.

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11
Q

Identify the organelle responsible for photosynthesis.

A

The chloroplast.

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12
Q

What pigment is found in chloroplasts and what is its function?

A

Chlorophyll; it absorbs light for photosynthesis.

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13
Q

Explain the function of the large central vacuole in plant cells.

A

It stores cell sap and helps maintain cell structure.

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14
Q

Describe the function of lysosomes.

A

They break down waste materials and cellular debris.

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15
Q

Explain the role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell.

A

To modify, sort, and package proteins for secretion.

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16
Q

How does the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function in a cell?

A

It transports substances within the cell; rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER does not.

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17
Q

Identify the part of the cell responsible for lipid production.

A

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

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18
Q

What is the primary function of the nucleolus?

A

It produces ribosomes.

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19
Q

Define passive transport in cellular processes.

A

The movement of substances across the cell membrane without energy input.

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20
Q

How does active transport differ from passive transport?

A

Active transport moves substances against a concentration gradient, requiring energy.

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21
Q

Define diffusion in the context of cellular movement.

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

22
Q

What factors influence the rate of diffusion?

A

Temperature, concentration gradient, and surface area.

23
Q

Explain the process of osmosis.

A

The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.

24
Q

What characterizes a semi-permeable membrane?

A

A membrane that only allows certain substances to pass through.

25
Q

Define a hypertonic solution in relation to cells.

A

A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell, causing water to leave the cell.

26
Q

Describe what happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution.

A

Water enters the cell, causing it to swell.

27
Q

Define an isotonic solution.

A

A solution where the solute concentration is equal inside and outside the cell.

28
Q

Explain the role of carrier proteins in active transport.

A

They help transport molecules across the cell membrane using energy.

29
Q

How does facilitated diffusion occur?

A

The movement of molecules across the cell membrane through protein channels.

30
Q

Why is ATP necessary for active transport?

A

Because it moves substances against their concentration gradient.

31
Q

Describe the process of endocytosis.

A

The process of taking substances into the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle.

32
Q

Define phagocytosis.

A

A type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs large particles or cells.

33
Q

What occurs during exocytosis?

A

The process of releasing substances from the cell by vesicles fusing with the cell membrane.

34
Q

Explain pinocytosis.

A

A type of endocytosis where the cell ingests liquids.

35
Q

What is the function of protein channels in a cell membrane?

A

They allow specific molecules to pass through the cell membrane.

36
Q

How do cells maintain homeostasis?

A

By regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

37
Q

Describe the sodium-potassium pump.

A

A type of active transport that moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

38
Q

Define selectively permeable.

A

It allows some substances to pass through while blocking others.

39
Q

Describe the process by which plants absorb water.

A

Osmosis.

40
Q

Identify the type of cells that have a flagellum.

A

Some prokaryotic cells and certain eukaryotic cells like sperm.

41
Q

Explain why cells are small in size.

A

To maintain a large surface area-to-volume ratio for efficient transport.

42
Q

What happens during plasmolysis?

A

The shrinking of a plant cell membrane away from the cell wall in a hypertonic solution.

43
Q

How do amoebas move and obtain food?

A

By extending pseudopodia, which also helps them engulf food.

44
Q

Define cytolysis.

A

The bursting of an animal cell in a hypotonic solution due to excess water intake.

45
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A small DNA molecule found in bacteria, separate from chromosomal DNA.

46
Q

Explain the significance of root hair cells having a large surface area.

A

To increase the absorption of water and nutrients.

47
Q

What is turgor pressure?

A

The pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells.

48
Q

Describe the process that occurs in the mitochondria that releases energy.

A

Cellular respiration.

49
Q

How does osmosis relate to plant water absorption?

A

It is the process by which plants absorb water.

50
Q

Identify the role of pseudopodia in amoebas.

A

They help in movement and engulfing food.

GCSE (18 decks)

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