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History - Elizabeth England > Biology - The Heart (B2 Part 2) > Flashcards

Biology - The Heart (B2 Part 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, Veins and Capillaries

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2
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood away the heart at high pressure (thicker walls)

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3
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood back to the heart, has valves to prevent back flow

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4
Q

What do cappilaries do?

A

Capillaries are delicate blood vessels that exist throughout your body. They transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems.

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5
Q

What are the four components of blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets

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6
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Contains hemoglobin (good at binding and unbinding to oxygen) which binds to oxygen in order to transport it around the body

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7
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Part of the immune system, protects body against infection (heals cuts)

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8
Q

What does plasma do?

A

A yellow liquid component of blood that carries nutrients (amino acids, glucose, lipids). Also carries dissolved carbon dioxide

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9
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Clots blood when you cut yourself

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10
Q

What proportion of blood does each component make up of?

A

Plasma - 55percent
Blood cells - 45 percent

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11
Q

Adaptations of red blood cells?

A

No nucleus
Large concave shape
Flexible
Contains Hemoglobin

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12
Q

Adaptations of white blood cells?

A

Multiple types with specific functions
Change shape
Sense bacterial changes
Trap bacteria
Release enzymes

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13
Q

Label the heart

A

check it yourself

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14
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

The process of oxygen and carbon dioxide moving between the lungs and blood

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15
Q

What is breathing?

A

The process by which your muscles change the size of your lungs to take IN oxygen and give OUT carbon dioxide

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16
Q

What are lungs?

A

The organs of respiration

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17
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The movement of air in and out of your lungs (mechanical process)

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18
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The process where gas moves from an high concentration to a low concentration

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19
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process which releases energy from food (glucose) using oxygen in cells (chemical reaction)

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20
Q

Label the lung structure

A

check yourself

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21
Q

What is the alveoli?

A

Where oxygen is transferred from the lungs into the blood and carbon dioxide moves out the blood through diffusion

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22
Q

Adaptations of the alveoli

A

Large surface area for efficient gas exchange
Thin walls to provide short distances for gases to diffuse in and out of
Rich supply of blood capillaries so gases can be transferred to and from the alveoli easily

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23
Q

What can smoking cause?

A

Lung cancer
Lung disease
Testicular cancer

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24
Q

What can smoking while pregnant do?

A

Miscarriage, still-birth, low birth weight

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25
Q

Why is smoking an issue while pregnant?

A

The carbon monoxide in the cigarette means that the hemoglobin in the red blood cells can’t properly bind to oxygen. this can stop the fetus from developing properly.

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26
Q

What is a tumor?

A

A mass of cells dividing in an abnormal, uncontrollable way

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27
Q

What are the types of tumors?

A

Benign and Malignant

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28
Q

What are the features of a benign tumor?

A

Slower growing
Generally more easy to remove
Not cancerous
Does not spread
Can press on other organs

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29
Q

What are the features of a malignant tumor?

A

Fast growing
Can spread
Cancerous
Can form secondary tumors

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30
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

Something that increases the chance of developing a disease e.g age, diet, genetics etc.

31
Q

Difference between correlation and causation?

A

Causation means one thing causes another e.g action A causes outcome B. On the other hand, correlation is where one things relates to another —but one event doesn’t necessarily cause the other event to happen.

32
Q

What is radiotherapy?

A

Cancer cells are destroyed by targeted doses of radiation. This stops mitosis in cancer cells but can also damages healthy cells

33
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

Chemicals are used to either stop the cancer cells dividing or making them self destruct. These chemicals damage rapidly- dividing cells causing side effect of hair loss

34
Q

Factors of a healthy lifestyle

A

No smoking
Exercise
No alcohol
No drugs
Balanced diet
Reduce stress
Drink water

35
Q

What is the main factor of lung cancer?

A

Smoking/Vaping

36
Q

Diseases can be:

A

Communicable or Non-Communicable

37
Q

What does Communicable mean?

A

Caused by pathogens and passed from one person to another (infectious)

38
Q

Examples of Communicable diseases?

A

Cold
Flu
Small pox
Measles
Athlete’s Foot

39
Q

What does Non-communicable mean?

A

Cannot be transmitted between people

40
Q

Examples of Non-communicable diseases?

A

Cancer
Depression
Asthma
Cardiovascular disease

41
Q

What is coronary heart disease (CHD)?

A

A condition where there is narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries (arteries that supply blood to the heart)

42
Q

What are symptoms of coronary heart disease?

A

Chest pain, shortness of breath or heart attacks

43
Q

What are the two main treatments of CHD?

A

Statins and Stents

44
Q

What is a stent?

A

A stent is a short, wire-mesh tube that acts like a scaffold to help keep your artery open

45
Q

What are statins?

A

Statins are a group of medicines that can help lower the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood (bad cholesterol).

46
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol is a waxy substance made in the liver and found in the blood and cells of the body

47
Q

What can happen if valves are damaged?

A

The blood will backflow (lean back into the heart instead of forwards into the body)

48
Q

How can a faulty valve be fixed?

A

By replacing it with a new one - biological (from human, pig or cow)

49
Q

What is heart failure?

A

When the heart is unable to pump blood around the body properly and needs treatment to help it work

50
Q

What is the best heart for a heart transplant?

A

The best heart is a biological one but it must be human (not from a pig or cow so you need a doner). However, heart donations can take ages or could be rejected from the body.

51
Q

What are the effects of alcohol?

A

Affects the nervous system, making thoughts processes, reflexes ad other things slower than normal

52
Q

What can over consumption do?

A

Cause cirrhosis of the liver (a disease that destroys liver tissues). The active liver cells are replaced with scar tissue that cannot carry out vital functions.

Lead to increased risk of liver cancer

Can cause brain damage

53
Q

What happens if a pregnant women drinks alcohol?

A

If a pregnant woman drinks alcohol it passes across the placenta into the developing fetus.
Risks :
Miscarriage
Still birth
Low birth weight
Premature birth

54
Q

What is FAS?

A

Fetus Alcohol syndrome

55
Q

What are features babies have with FAS?

A

Facial deformities
Problems with teeth, jaw or hearing
Problems with their kidneys, liver and heart
Learning and developmental problems

56
Q

What are the four plant organs?

A

Flower, stem, root and leaf

57
Q

What is the function of the flower?

A

To attract bees to pollinate and reproduce

58
Q

What is the function of the stem?

A

Transport mineral ions and water to the flower
Supports the flower

59
Q

What is the function of the leaf?

A

Absorbs energy from the sun to carry out photosynthesis

60
Q

What is the function of the root?

A

Absorbs mineral ions and water

61
Q

What are the plant tissues called?

A

Epidermal, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, xylem and phloem

62
Q

What is the function of the epidermal?

A

Covers the surface of the leaf and provides protection

63
Q

What are the adaptations of the epidermal?

A

Secretes a waterproof, waxy substance that coats the surface of the leaf

64
Q

What is the function of the palisade mesophyll?

A

Main site of photosynthesis

65
Q

What are the adaptations of the palisade mesophyll?

A

Contains a lot of chloroplasts

66
Q

What is the function of the spongy mesophyll?

A

Carries out some photosynthesis
Allows the diffusion of gases

67
Q

What are the adaptations of the spongy mesophyll?

A

Contains some chloroplasts
Has large air spaces and a large surface area to make diffusion of gases easier

68
Q

What is the function of xylem?

A

Transports water and dissolved mineral ions
Transpiration

69
Q

What are the adaptations of xylem?

A

Cells join together to form long hollow tubes that allow water and mineral ions to move freely through them
Spirals and rings of lignins in cells make them very strong and help them withstand the pressure of water moving

70
Q

What is the function of phloem?

A

Transports dissolved sugars from the leaves around the plant
Translocation

71
Q

What are the adaptations of phoem?

A

Cell walls between cells, break down to form special sieve plates

72
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water by evaporation through plants. From roots, to xylem, to leaves into atmosphere

73
Q

Factors effecting transpiration

A

light, temp, air movement

74
Q

What is stomata?

A

Small holes on underside of leaves which water evaporates out of. Guard cells on either side of stomata that controls opening and closing. High carbon dioxide = open Low carbon dioxide = close

History - Elizabeth England (2 decks)

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