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Biology Lab > Biology Test 2 > Flashcards

Biology Test 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a cell?

A

The simplest collection of matter that can be alive. All organisms are made of either one (unicellular) or more than one cell (multicellular)

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2
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A
  1. Bacteria (Prokaryotes)
  2. Archaea (Prokaryotes)
  3. Eukaryotes

They are separated because they have different kinds of cells.

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3
Q

Prokaryotes are the group that includes __________

A

Bacteria

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4
Q

Prokaryotes are simple. They have no _______ or _______

A

nucleaus or Organelles

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5
Q

Prokaryotes are ___________ and ___________ and what does that mean?

A

Unicellular - the organims only has one cell

and

microscopic - they are so small you can only see them under a microscope

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6
Q

Eukaryotes are a group that include ________________

Eukaryotes have ________ and ____________

Eukaryotes can be ______ or _________, which means they can be ________ or ____________

A

Everything except bacteria and archaea

a nucleus and organelles

Multicellular or unicellular, microscopic or macroscopic

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7
Q

why was the field of modern biology born?

A

with the development of microscopes with higher magnification and resolution power

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8
Q

What is an organelle?

A

Organelles are compartments inside a cell. The nucleus, mitochondrion, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi apparatus are exaples of “organelles”

Eukaryotes DO have organelles, Prokaryotes DO NOT have organeles

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9
Q

What is the major difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes have no nucleus

The nucleus contains the DNA

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10
Q

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having:

A
  1. DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope
  2. Membrake-bound organelles
  3. Cytoplasm in the region between the plasm membrane and nucleus
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11
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

The outer coating made up of a phospholipid bilayer on a cell that separates the internal workings of the cell from the outside world

It is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell.

They are made up of folds to increase their surface area.

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12
Q

What is Cytoplasm

A

A jelly-like goop that all of the things inside the cel are suspended in.

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13
Q

What is the Nucleus

A

it hold DNA

it has TWO memebranes which together are called the nuclear enevelope.

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14
Q

DNA is organized into units called _____________.

The DNA and proteins of chromosomes are together called ______________.

__________ condenses to form descrete ________ as a cell prepares to divide.

A

Chromosomes

Cromatin

Cromatin, Chromosomes

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15
Q

What carrys out Protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

This means that ribosomes are the protein factories forthe cell, where proteins are made.

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16
Q

Prokaryotes have ________ ________ than eukaryotes.

A

different ribosomes

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17
Q

Ribsomes carry out protein synthesis in two locations, where?

A
  1. in the cytoplasm - free robosomes
  2. on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum (nuclear enevelope) - bound ribosomes
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18
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

A network of membranes inside the cell.

Endoplasmic means: inside the cytoplasma

Reticulum: Latin for “little net”

Makes secetory proteins

helps detoxify drugs and poisons

makes membranes for the cell.

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19
Q

What are secetory proteins?

A

proteins that are sent outside the cell to somewhere else.

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20
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

receives and dispatches transort vesicles

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21
Q

What is Mitochondrion?

A

the motor of the cell

gets energy out of food so the cell can use it to do work. Getting energy from food is called cellular respiration.

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22
Q

What is Matrix?

A

The goop in the middle of the mitochondrion

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23
Q

What is chloroplast?

A

they are in plants

they absorb energy from loght, and store energy as carbohydrates

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24
Q

What do Thylakoids do?

A

capture light energy

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25
Q

What is stroma?

A

the goop in the middle of the chloroplast

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26
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

a network of various types of proteins found throughout the cell

Main functions:

  1. Mechanical support: cells maintain their shape, anchors the organelles
  2. Motility: cells are mobile, cells can change their shape
  3. Motility involves the usage of motor proteins.
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27
Q

What are the three different types of goop

A
  1. Cytoplasm - inside the cell
  2. Matrix - inside the mitochondrion
  3. Stoma - inside the chloroplast
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28
Q

All cell membranes are made up of ________

A

a phospholipid bylayer

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29
Q

Cell membranes are _____________ meaning that ________ can pass through the cell membrane easily and _________ cannot pass through the cell easily.

What is the only exception?

A

Selectively permeable

Hydrophobic

Hydrophilic

water

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30
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the tendancy for molecules to spread out evenly in the available space

Substances naturally try to move from an area of HIGER concentration to LOWER concentration

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31
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water across a membrane

Water diffuses across a membrane from the region of lower solute concentration to the region of higher solute concentration until the solute concentration is equal on both sides

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32
Q

Why is diffusion and osmosis important for all cells?

A

Tonicity: the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to lose or gain water

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33
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

When the solute concentration outside the cell is greater than the solute concetration inside a cell

Consequense: the cell loses water, and shirvels up

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34
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

When the solute concentration outside a cell is LESS than the solute concetration inside a cell.

Consequense: the cell gains water and explodes

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35
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

When the concentration outside the cell is the same as the solute concentration inside the cell.

Consequense: neither water loss or gain, “no net water movement”

36
Q

The trick to getting hydrophobic molecules through the cell membrane is to use ________

What are the two methods?

A

transport proteins

  1. Active passport
  2. Active transport
37
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

they are bound to the surface of the membrane

38
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

penetrage the hydrophobic core

The integral proteins that span the membranes are called transmembrane proteins

39
Q

What are the 6 major functions of membrane proteins?

A
  1. Transport
  2. Enzymatic activity
  3. Signal transduction
  4. Cell-cell recognition
  5. Intercellular joining
  6. Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)
40
Q

What is Passive transport?

A

The transport is in the same direction the molecules would diffuse if they were not blocked by the cell membrane.

The proteins speed up the transport of the molecules.

41
Q

What is active transport?

A

Some integral proteins move substances in the wrong direction

They move substances are moved from low concentration to high concentration.

It costs energy in the form of ATP

42
Q

ATP is like _______

Polysaccharides are like _____________

Lipids are like ____________

A

Cash in your wallet

checking account

savings account

43
Q

What is Bulk transportation and what are the two types?

A

Very large molecules are packed in transport vescles to be brought inside the cell or shipped outside the cell.

  1. Exocytosis - The shipment of molecules outside the cell using transport vesicles
  2. Endocytosis - The shipment of molecules into the cell using transport vescles

Bulk transportation costs APT!!

44
Q

What is Endocytosis and what are the two types?

A

The shipment of molecules into the cell using transport vescles

  1. Phagosytosis (Cellular eating) - A cell stuffs a big molecule into a transport vesicles and brings it agross the cell membrane into the cell
  2. Pinocytosis (cellular drinking) - A cell stuffs some liquid into a transport vesicle and brings it across the membrance into the cell
45
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

a little piece of the massive list of chemical reactions carried out by a cell

begins with specific starting material and ends with a specific product.

46
Q

What does each step in a metabolic pathway need?

A

an enzyme

47
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

a protein helper

facilitates chemical reactions, speeds them up

48
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The “starting molecule” is the thing you have before any of the chemical reactions

49
Q

What is a Product?

A

the final product is the thing you have after all of the chemical reactions have occured

50
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The breaking of large molecules into smaller ones

Catabolism is exergonic (gives the cell more energy)

51
Q

What is anabolism

A

Makeing larger molecules out of smaller one

anabolism is endergonic (uses up the cells energy)

52
Q

what are the 4 types of energy?

A

kenetic energy - motion

Heat (thermal) energy - random movenment of atoms or molecules

Potential energy - energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

Chemical energy - potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

53
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

The energy of the unverse is constant.

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

The first law is also called the principal of conservation of energy

54
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable, and is often lost as heat

55
Q

Spontanious processes occur ___________, they can happen quickly or slowly.

A

without energy

56
Q

Exergonic reactions -

A

A chemical reaction that gives cells more usable energy

This happens spontaniously

57
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

A chemical reaction that needs the cell’s energy

Not spontanious

58
Q

What are the three kinds of work a cell does?

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Transport
  3. Mechanical
59
Q

What is energy coupling?

A

When a cell uses energy from exergoinc processes to fuel endergoinic reactions

60
Q

What is the cell’s energy shuttle?

A

ATP

61
Q

How are the bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP’s tails broken?

A

Hydrolysis

62
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

63
Q

How can enzym activity be affected?

A

Temerature and pH

Chemicals

64
Q

What are cofactors

A

nonprotein enzyme helpers

an organic cofactor is called a coenzyme

65
Q

Competitive inhibitors

Noncompetitive inhibitors

A

competitive - binds to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate

noncompetitive - bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less affective

66
Q

Negative feedback

Positive feedback

A

negative - The product made by the metabolic pathway stops or slows down the chemical reactions in the metablic pathway

Positive - The product made by the metabolic pathway speeds up the chemical reactions in the metabolic pathway

67
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

The end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway

68
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process by which cells get energy from food and store it as ATP

Also, the process by which energy is moved from lipids or polysaccharides to ATP

69
Q

Cellular respiration occurs in the _________ and the _______

A

cytoplasm (jello-like goop in the cell) and mitochondrion

70
Q

Harvesting of energy from glucose has three stages:

A
  1. Glycolysis - breaks down glucose into two molecues of pyruvate
  2. the Citric acid cycle - completes the break down of pyruvate to CO2
  3. Oxidative phosphorylation - accounts for most of the ATP synthesis
71
Q

What is NADH?

A

it can only be used to operate a proton pump (like a token at an arcade)

It is NOT NADPH

72
Q

Where does Oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

mitochondrion

73
Q

Cellular respiration is _____ and ______

A

catabolic (big molecules are broken down into smaller ones)

Exergonic - The cell gets energy stored as ATP

74
Q

The ________ cycle is another name for the citric acid cycle

A

The Krebs Cycle

75
Q

What is photosynthesis and where does it happen?

A

the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy

Photosythisis is the process by which some organisms take: 1. Energy from sunlight 2. Cabon Dioxide (C02) 3. Water (H20) and make carbohydrates

It happens in the chloroplasts, they are green

76
Q

Heterotrophs

Autotrophs

A

Heterotrophs - animals and fungi, they get more organic matter by eating things

Autotrophs - plants, make their own organic matter so they dont need to eat anything

Plants are photosynthetic autotrophs, this means they make their own organic matter by using photosynthisis

77
Q

Light dependent reactions

A

convert solar energy to chemical energy

78
Q

Light independent reactions

What fuels these?

A

make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide

ATP and NADPH generated by the light reactions

Happens in the Stroma

Anabolistic - Small molecules make up bigger ones

Endergoinc - Cell uses energy

79
Q

Where are the chloroplasts found? and about how many of them are there?

A

in the cells of Mesophyll, about 30-40

80
Q

Where do light-dependent reactions happen?

A

Thylakoids

81
Q

What is a photosystem?

A

the name for a group of pigments

The “leader pigment” is called the reaction center

82
Q

Photosystem II

A

The excited electrons are used to make ATP

83
Q

Photosystem I

A

The excited electrons are used as an ingredient to make NADPH

84
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of Light Dependent Reactions?

A

Input: Light Energy + H2O

Output: ATP, NADPH, O2

85
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of Light Independent reactions?

A

Inputs: CO2, ATP, NADPH

Outputs: Carbohydrates

86
Q
A

Biology Lab (4 decks)

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