Bio Lecture Chapter 4 and 5

Question 1

Organic Chemistry

Answer 1

The study of organic molecules or molecules that contain carbon.

Question 2

Inorganic Chemistry

Answer 2

The study of inorganic molecules and salts

Question 3

Vitalism

Answer 3

The idea that organic compounds arise only in organisms. This was DISPROVED when chemists synthesized these compounds.

Question 4

How many valence electrons is in the Carbon atoms valence shell?

Answer 4

4

Question 5

How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?

Answer 5

4 or 2 covalent double bonds

Question 6

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 6

2 electrons being shared, with one electron coming from each atom.

Question 7

What are hydrocarbons?

Answer 7

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrocarbons

Question 8

What are Isomers?

Answer 8

Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties.

Question 9

What are the three different types of isomers?

Answer 9

1. Structural Isomers - Have different covalent arrangements of their atoms.
2. Cis-Trans Isomers - they have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements.
3. Enantiomers (Mirror Immages)

Question 10

What are Cis Isomers?

Answer 10

The “X’s” are on the same side

Question 11

What are Trans Isomers?

Answer 11

The two “X’s” are on opposite sides

Question 12

What are enantimers?

Answer 12

They are mirror images of each others

Question 13

What is a functional group?

Answer 13

A number of characteristic groups can replace the hydrogens attached to skeletons of organic molecules

Question 14

There are 7 functional groups

Answer 14

just know that there are 7

Question 15

All living things are made up of ____ classes of large biological molecules. Which are:

Answer 15

4

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids

Question 16

What is a macromolecule?

Answer 16

Large complex organic molecules composed of many repeated subunits (monomers forming polymers)

Question 17

What is a Polymer?

Answer 17

A large molecule that’s made up of smaller molecules. The smaller molecules that make up a polymer are very similar to each other.

Question 18

What are dehydration Reations doing?

Answer 18

They are linking together monomers, they remove water molecules.

Question 19

What are hydrolysis reactions doing?

Answer 19

They are breaking up polymers and monomers. adds water molecules

Question 20

Carbohydrates are also called _______. They can be either ________ or _________.

Answer 20

1. Sugars
2. Monosaccharides
3. Polysaccharides

Question 21

Monosacchrides are:

Answer 21

The simplest carbohydrates, AKA single sugars

Question 22

Polysaccharides are:

Answer 22

Polymers composed of many sugar building blocks.

Question 23

Disaccarides are:

Answer 23

Polymers made out of two or more monosaccarides, they are bonded by a glycosidic linkage

Question 24

Name two polysaccharides used for structural support

Answer 24

1. Cellulose - Helps plants grow tall and resists

2. Chitin

Question 25

Name two polysaccharides used for energy storage

Answer 25

1. Starch

2. Glycogen

Question 26

Energy is defined as:

Answer 26

The ability to work

Question 27

What are Polypeptides?

Answer 27

Unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids

Question 28

What are Amino Acids?

Answer 28

Organic Molecules with carboxyl and amino groups

Question 29

Amino acids are organized into 3 groups, which are

Answer 29

1. Nonpolar
2. Polar
3. Electrically Charged side chains

Question 30

What are nonessential amino acids

Answer 30

They can be synthesized by an organism

Question 31

What are essential amino acids

Answer 31

They can not be synthesized and must be supplied with diet

Question 32

What kinds of bonds link amino acids

Answer 32

peptide bonds

Question 33

A protein is made out of ________

Answer 33

One or more polypeptides

Question 34

There are four levels of Protein structure, what are they?

Answer 34

1. Primary Structures - its unique sequence of amino acids
2. Secondary structure - coils and folds
3. Tertiary Structure - determined by interactions among various side chains
4. Quaternary structure - consists of multiple polypeptide chains