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Biology test Flashcards

1
Q

Cell theory

A
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2
Q

Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotic cells are cells containing membrane-bound organelles and are the basis for both unicellular and multicellular organisms. In contrast, prokaryotic cells do not have any membrane-bound organelles and are always part of unicellular organisms

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3
Q

Cell structure

A
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4
Q

Oragnelles

A

A small structure in a cell that is surrounded by a membrane nuclei, which store genetic information; mitochondria, which produce chemical energy; and ribosomes, which assemble proteins.

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5
Q

Cell division

A

cells divide to create
new cells.

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6
Q

Purpose of CD

A

Reproduce

Repair Damage

Grow

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7
Q

CD reproduction

A

ALL cells use cell division to reproduce. When a parent cell divides it results in, 2 new organisms
Ex. Bacteria

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8
Q

A sexual reproduction

A

Offspring from one parent, genetically identical to one parent

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9
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

A cell from one parent joins with a cell from another parent.
Different as they contain half the
number of chromosomes found in
body cells. 2 gametes combine and get characteristics from both parents

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10
Q

Cell division for growth

A

It is better for an organism to have many small cells than one big cell.
When a cell gets too large:
Nutrients and water cannot move through it fast
enough.
Wastes cannot exit fast enough, chemical cells are used for growth

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11
Q

Diffusion

A

the net movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration

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12
Q

Concentration

A

The
amount of solute
(substance) in a
solution

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13
Q

Osmosis

A

when the water leaves and enters the cell important chemicals must be available to
cells in the right amount of water for the cell
to function properly.
Waste must also diffuse out of the cell not to
poison the cell.

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14
Q

Cell repair

A

Every day your body sheds skin cells that are replaced by new skin cells
Red blood cells are replaced every 120
days
Every cut and blister needs new cells to
fill in the gaps
If you break a bone, cells divide to heal
the break.

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15
Q

cancer

A

Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells grow and divide out of control It results from a change in the DNA that controls the cell cycle. Th is change prevents the cells from staying in interphase for the normal amount of time. One or more of the checkpoints (addressed in Section 2.5) fails, so the cell and all of its subsequent daughter cells continue to divide uncontrollably.

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16
Q

carcinogen

A

any environmental factor that causes cancer

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17
Q

mutation

A

a random change in the DNAchanges may either result in the death of the cell or allow the cell to survive and continue to grow and divide.

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18
Q

Hereditary

A

DNA passed from one generation to the next may contain information that leads to disease. Th ese cancers include some breast cancers and some colon cancers. A genetic link makes it more likely that you will develop a particular type of cancer, but it does not guarantee that you will get cancer.

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19
Q

pap test

A

a test that involves taking a sample of cervical cells to determine if they are growing abnormally

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20
Q

PSA test

A

used for men under the age of 50 as the incidence of prostate cancer is lower for that age group.

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21
Q

blood test

A

colon cancer regular skin checks by a doctor or dermatologist to look for changes in moles, new growths, and sores.

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22
Q

Treatment for cancer

A

surgery
chemo
Radiation
Biophotonics

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23
Q

Surgery

A

physically removing the cancerous tissueis sometimes the preferred way of treating cancer. If the tumour is easily accessible and fairly well defi ned, the doctors may recommend this option.

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24
Q

Chemo

A

Uses drugs-kills the cells Side eff ects may include hair loss, nausea, and fatigue, but the benefi ts of the treatment generally outweigh the negative effects. Shrinks tumour

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25
Radiation
divides cells rapidly,Th e radiation is directed at the tumour either by using a focused beam or by implanting a radioactive source into the tumour. This minimizes side effects.
26
Biophotonics
the technology of using light energy to diagnose, monitor, and treat living cells and organisms
27
cells
Simplest/basic unit of life
28
tissue
A collection of similar cells that perform a particular, but limited function.
29
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Description: thin sheets of packed cells covering surfaces and lining internal organs Function: protects structures, protects from dehydration Examples: skin, lining of the digestive system
30
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Description: various types of cells and fibres held together by a liquid, a solid or gel known as a matrix Function: support, insulation, join other tissues together Examples: bones, tendons, blood, fat storage
31
muscle tissue
Description: Bundles of long cells called muscle fibres that contain specialized proteins capable of shortening and contraction. There are three major types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Function: movement Examples: heart, muscles that make bones move, muscles that make up organs
32
Nerve tissue
Description: long, thin cells with branches at the ends capable of conducting electrical impulses Function: sensory, communication within the body, coordination of body functions Examples: the brain, respond to stimuli, transmit and store information
33
Organ
Organ: A structure composed of different types of tissues working together to perform a complex body function. Examples: stomach, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas, skin, heart
34
Organ system
All animals obtain oxygen and nutrients and eliminate wastes They all sense and respond to their environment, grow and repair damage and reproduce Organ systems assist in these basic functions. Each organ system consists of a group of organs that work together to carry out specific duties in the body.
35
Animal organ system
Tissue comes together to form organs. Skin is and organ that protects the body. Organ can be made out of specific tissue
36
Plant organs
Roots: anchor the plants soil permits plant to row above soil without topping over, collect water and nutrients Leaf:photosynthesis, carries water to complete process,sugar prodcued carried to vascular tissue Stem: Transports water and nutrients thought out the plant, supports leaves and flowers Flower: Reproductive structure,procude seeds,contains male organs.
37
DIgestive system
takes in food, digests it, and excretes the waste.
38
Digestive tract
The digestive tract consists of the Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum and Anus.
39
4 main processes involved in digestion:
Ingestion Digestion Absorption Excretion
40
Ingestion
The mouth begins the process of breaking down food. Physical/Mechanical Digestion Teeth and tongue Chemical Digestion Chemicals called enzymes break apart food molecules Chewing stimulates the salivary glands to secrete saliva Saliva: mixture of water, mucus and amylase Amylase: enzyme that helps carry out chemical digestion
41
Tongue
muscular organ that helps move food around until it forms a ball called a bolus, which the tongue pushes back to the pharynx. The tongue also contains taste buds which helps detect certain flavours.
42
Esophagus
Muscular tube (25 cm long) that connects the mouth to the stomach. It is made of smooth muscle that can relax and contract without conscious thought.
43
Epiglottis
flap of cartilage that covers the trachea (windpipe) during swallowing and helps ensure that food travels down the esophagus to the stomach. It preventschoking.
44
Stomach
muscles contract and relax to churn the food and mix it with gastric juices to help break down the food.
45
Small intestine
Fats, proteins and carbohydrates are broken down. Finger-like projections called VILLI absorb nutrients into the blood. Undigested material is pushed into the large intestine.
46
Large intestine (colon)
The lining of the intestine absorbs water from the indigestible food.
47
Colitis
The epithelial tissue lining of the colon may become inflamed and stop working properly resulting in a condition known as colitis. Causes include viruses, bacteria, narrowed blood vessels, failure of the body’s disease fighting mechanism.
48
Rectum
Feces are stored in the rectum until they are eliminated.
49
anus
The anus is made of a ring of muscles that pushes the feces through
50
Pancreas
leaf shaped gland below the stomach that secretes enzymes to help with digestion. The pancreas produces INSULIN, an enzyme that regulates the concentration of glucose (a sugar) in the blood. Diabetes is a disease in which the pancreas produces too much or too little insulin.
51
Liver
largest internal organ. The liver produces BILE, a substance that breaks down large fat molecules into smaller ones. This process is called EMULSIFICATION Bile also causes feces to turn brown and helps break down alcohol.
52
Gallbladder
Small pouch on the underside of the liver that stores bile and sends it to the small intestine.
53
Function of the circulatory system
Moves oxygen from the lungs to all the body cells Moves carbon dioxide from the body cells to the lungs Moves nutrients from the small intestine to the body cells Moves waste materials from the body cells to the kidneys and skin Regulates body temperature and transports disease-fighting white blood cells to sites of viruses or bacteria
54
Components of blood
Red blood cells (RBCs) – Contains a protein called hemoglobin that transports oxygen throughout the body and makes the cells appear red. They make up 45% of the blood volume. White blood cells – infection fighting cells that recognize and destroy pathogens. They make up less than 1% of blood. Platelets – Cells that help in blood clotting, making up less than 1 % of blood. Plasma – A liquid that carries blood cells along, making up 55% of blood volume.
55
The heart
The heart pumps with a regular beat (average heart rate = 70-80 beats per minute) Heart rate changes depending on: physical activity, stress, temperature, time of day, blood volume, whether you have recently eaten and general health.
56
Parts of the heart
The atria Receiving chambers The ventricles Pumping chambers The valves Prevent backflow The septum Divides the heart
57
Blood vessels
Arteries: carry blood away from the heart (under greater pressure than other vessels) Usually carry oxygenated blood pulmonary artery is only exception Veins: carry blood toward the heart. The wall of the veins are thinner than the walls of the arteries and have valves that ensure blood doesn’t flow backwards Usually carry deoxygenated blood pulmonary vein is only exception Capillaries: connect arteries and veins. They are tiny blood vessels with thin walls that are the site of gas exchange between blood and cells
58
Path of blood
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava. Blood from the right atrium is pumped through the AV valve to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart from the pulmonary vein and enters the left atrium. Blood from the left atrium is pumped through the AV valve to the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps blood to the aorta from where it travels to the rest of the body.
59
Disorders cardiac
Coronary arteries: blood vessels that provide blood to the heart muscle These arteries can become partially blocked with plaque. Plaque: a deposit, made of fat, cholesterol, calcium and other substances that normally circulate the blood. Plaque buildup may be caused by poor lifestyle choices such as a high fat diet, lack of exercise and smoking.
60
Coronary artery disease
Symptoms of coronary artery disease Tiredness Dizziness Pain or burning in the chest or arms This can be detected using a special x ray called an angiogram.
61
Heart attack
arteries may become completely blocked with plaque or a blood clot. When this happens and the heart muscle cells stop receiving oxygen and nutrients, the heart stops pumping and the heart tissue starts to die. Symptoms:chest pain or pressure, shortness of breath, nausea, anxiety, upper body pain, abdominal or stomach pain, sweating, dizziness, abnormal fatigue
62
Aneurysm
Bulging blood vessel that can rupture and cause a stroke, internal bleeding, and even death
63
Varicose Veins
Valve failure resulting in backflow of blood Causes enlargement of superficial veins in legs or rectum (hemorrhoids)
64
Respiratory system
Take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide Works very closely with the circulatory system (which moves substances throughout the body)
65
Pathway of air
Air enters through the mouth and nose Air then passes through the pharynx (throat) It travels down the trachea (windpipe) The trachea then separates into two branches called bronchi (singular: bronchus) The bronchi branch again and again, ending in tiny air sacs called alveoli (singular: alveolus)
66
Structual features
the trachea and bronchi are lined with epithelial cells Some produce mucus Others have cilia (hair-like projections) Cilia help move mucus and filter foreign material that might enter the system trachea is the tube that takes air into the lungs The trachea is supported by rings of cartilage to keep it open and allow air to flow through it freely
67
gas exchange
Oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the bloodstream in the lungs by diffusion. The alveoli have very thin walls Each alveolus is surrounded by a network of capillaries Oxygen and carbon dioxide must diffuse through two thin walls: the walls of the capillaries and the walls of the alveoli
68
Breathing
alternately drawing air into the lungs (inhalation) and then pushing air out of the lungs (exhalation) This process involves: Muscles between the ribs that move them, making the rib cage expand and contract Diaphragm that sits below the lungs contracting and relaxing to draw the lungs down then up Together, the muscles increase the volume of the lungs, and changes the pressure inside the lungs allowing air to flow in and out of the alveoli
69
Control of breating involuntary
Breathing is controlled by a part of the brain that senses CO2 If there is too much carbon dioxide detected, the breathing rate increases, as does the heart rate This will help reduce carbon dioxide, and increase oxygen Involuntary
70
TB
infectious disease (can be spread from person to person) Caused by bacteria that grow in the lungs and may also spread to other parts of the body Symptoms: fever, cough, weight loss, tiredness, chest pain Diagnosed through a chest X ray and to confirm the diagnosis through examinations of stomach or lung secretions The bacteria may remain dormant in the body for decades Once diagnosed TB can be successfully treated with medicine and a few weeks of hospitalization
71
cancer
lol
72
SARS
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) spread from a region of China to 37 countries around the world Canada identified 438 cases; 44 of these patients died Symptoms: flu-like, high fever, shortness of breath, dry cough, sore throat, headache, muscle pain, and exhaustion Diagnosis is made based on chest X-ray, showing evidence of pneumonia, and positive lab results of cell samples

Science (3 decks)

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