biology test #1 Flashcards
kingdoms
- animals
- plants
- fungi
- protoctist
- protoctist
7 characteristics of life
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
movement
causes an organism to change its position or place
respiration
involves chemical reactions that release energy in cells
sensitivity
being able to detect and respond to internal and external stimuli
growth
permanent increase in size and dry mass
reproduction
results in the formation of the new individuals
excretion
the removal of waste product
nutrition
the use of food for energy and growth
what is a genus?
group of species which are closely related but do not inbreed with each other
cells of organisms are made of…
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- DNA
prokaryotic cells has a nucleus (true or false?)
false!
eukaryotic cells has a nucleus (true or false?)
true!
plant kingdom (characteristics)
- multicellular organisms
- roots spread throughout soil to gain water + ions
- many leaves to absorb light
- growth occurs in special places such as tips of roots + stems
- includes mosses/ferns
- chlorophyll -> photosynthesis
- cellulose cell wall
- large sap-filled vacuole
animal kingdom (characteristics)
- multicellular organisms
- compact bodies
- growth occurs throughout body
- does NOT photosynthesise
- obtain food by eating plants/other animals
- no cell walls/choloroplasts/large vacuoles
- nervous system
prokaryote kingdom (characteristics)
- surrounded by cell walls
- NO nucleus, has instead a loop of DNA within the cytoplasm
- NO chloroplasts/mitochondria
- can only be seen with light microscopes
protoctists (characteristics)
- diverse group of organisms that do NOT belong in the four kingdoms
- cells with nuclei
- many unicellular
fungi (characteristics)
- reproduces by making spores carried by wind
- (most) are saprotrophs
- (some) are parasites
- made up of threads called hyphae
viruses (characteristics)
- NOT cells
- parasites
- multiples NOT reproduces
the groups are…
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, crustaceans, myriapods, insects
fish
- lives in water
- can survive without water for certain duration
- fins
- eyes + lateral line
- gills
- scales
amphibians
- lives on land, then return to water to breed
- external fertilisation (eggs)
- external development (eggs)
- smooth/moist skin
reptiles
- lives in dry regions
- fertilises in female body
- external development (eggs)
- dry + scaly skin
- lungs
birds
- internal fertilisation
- external development (eggs)
- feathers
- modified from limbs (wings)
- beaks
- homeothermic (warm blooded)
mammals
- internal fertilisation
- internal development (womb)
-fur/hair - lungs
- homeothermic (warm-blooded)
crustaceans
- cephalothorax/abdomen
- chalky exoskeleton
- 2 pairs of antennae + compound eyes
- 5-20 pairs of legs
- gills
myriapods
centipedes :
- fast moving
- powerful jaws
- paralyses prey
- one pair of legs on each segment
millipedes :
- 2 pairs of legs on each segment
- slow moving herbivores
insects
- 3 parts : head, thorax, abdomen
- 3 pairs of legs
- 2 pairs of wings
- spiracles
- one pair of antennae
- compound eyes
arachnids
- 2 parts : abdomen + cephalothorax
- 4 pairs of legs
- NO wings/antennae
- several pairs of simple eyes
- poison fangs
- spinnerets (some cases)
ferns
- land
- strong stems, roots, leaves
does NOT produce seeds
makes + releases microscopic spores - waxy layer (cuticle)
flowering plants
- stems, roots, leaves
reproduces flowers (seeds) - shoot (made of stem)
- apical bud
dicotyledons
- broad leaves + network of branching veins
- contains 2 cotyledons
monocotyledons
- parallel leaves veins
- long & narrow
- 1 cotyledon
animal cells (structure)
- cell membrane
- nucleus
- nucleolus
- cytoplasm
plant cells (structure)
- (cellulose) cell wall
- chloroplast
- cytoplasm
- vacuole
- nucleus
- nucleolus
- cell membrane
cell membrane
- forms barrier between the cell + surroundings
keeps contents of cell inside - allows simple substances to enter + leave cell
- partially permeable
nucleus
- controls cell activities in cell
- controls how cells develop
cytoplasm
- site of chemical reactions
-> (aerobic) respiration
-> making proteins
chloroplast
- plants ONLY!
- photosynthesis
- stores starch
cell wall
- plants ONLY!
- stops cell from bursting when they fill with water
freely/fully permeable
sap vacuole
- full of water
- stores ions + sugars
mitochondria
- releases energy during aerobic respiration
ribosomes
- makes proteins for cells
what are the cell organelles?
mitochondria, ribosomes, vesicles
mitochondria
- large organelles
- eukaryotic cells
- seen with electron microscope
- double membrane
- provides most energy
- site of aerobic respiration
ribosomes
- small organelles in large numbers
- eukaryotic + prokaryotic
- synthesises proteins
vesicles
- small pieces of RER
- travels through cytoplasm, attaches to cell membrane then releases contents outside of cell
how to find the actual size :
actual size = image size/magnification
how to find the magnification :
magnification = image size/actual size
ciliated cells
- found in air passages (lungs) + oviducts
root hair cells
- long extensions + large surface area
xylem vessels
- cylindrical + hollow
- arranged in column like pipes
- cell wall thickened with bonds/spirals of cellulose + lignin
neurons
- highly specialised cells
- thin extensions of cytoplasm wires
- transmits info (electrical impulses
red blood cells
- contains haemoglobin
- flattened disc shape (biconcave)
- large surface area
palisade mesophyll cells
- numerous chloroplasts in cytoplasm
- cell wall made of cellulose
- large vacuole
- starch grain found in cytoplasm
sperm cell
- tail
- head
- genes of father in nucleus
egg cells
- much bigger than sperm cells
- contains yolk
- genes from mother in nucleus
cells
- “building blocks”
tissue
- similar cells working together in the same way
organ
- group of tissues working together
(organ) system
- group of organs working together
organism
- all different organ systems in an area
how does SURFACE AREA affect diffusion?
- smaller = less time
-> larger surface area
(opposite = opposite)
how does TEMPERATURE affect diffusion?
- higher temperature = faster rate of diffusion
(opposite = opposite)
how does CONCENTRATION affect diffusion?
- higher concentration = water rate of diffusion
(opposite = opposite)
diffusion
- net movement of particles from a region of their higher concentration to a region of lower concentration as a result of random movement down a concentration gradient
-> passive process (doesn’t require energy
osmosis
- the diffusion of water from dilute solution into a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane
