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biology test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

kingdoms

A
  • animals
  • plants
  • fungi
  • protoctist
  • protoctist
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2
Q

7 characteristics of life

A

Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition

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3
Q

movement

A

causes an organism to change its position or place

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4
Q

respiration

A

involves chemical reactions that release energy in cells

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5
Q

sensitivity

A

being able to detect and respond to internal and external stimuli

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6
Q

growth

A

permanent increase in size and dry mass

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7
Q

reproduction

A

results in the formation of the new individuals

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8
Q

excretion

A

the removal of waste product

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9
Q

nutrition

A

the use of food for energy and growth

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10
Q

what is a genus?

A

group of species which are closely related but do not inbreed with each other

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11
Q

cells of organisms are made of…

A
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • DNA
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12
Q

prokaryotic cells has a nucleus (true or false?)

A

false!

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13
Q

eukaryotic cells has a nucleus (true or false?)

A

true!

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14
Q

plant kingdom (characteristics)

A
  • multicellular organisms
  • roots spread throughout soil to gain water + ions
  • many leaves to absorb light
  • growth occurs in special places such as tips of roots + stems
  • includes mosses/ferns
  • chlorophyll -> photosynthesis
  • cellulose cell wall
  • large sap-filled vacuole
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15
Q

animal kingdom (characteristics)

A
  • multicellular organisms
  • compact bodies
  • growth occurs throughout body
  • does NOT photosynthesise
  • obtain food by eating plants/other animals
  • no cell walls/choloroplasts/large vacuoles
  • nervous system
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16
Q

prokaryote kingdom (characteristics)

A
  • surrounded by cell walls
  • NO nucleus, has instead a loop of DNA within the cytoplasm
  • NO chloroplasts/mitochondria
  • can only be seen with light microscopes
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17
Q

protoctists (characteristics)

A
  • diverse group of organisms that do NOT belong in the four kingdoms
  • cells with nuclei
  • many unicellular
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18
Q

fungi (characteristics)

A
  • reproduces by making spores carried by wind
  • (most) are saprotrophs
  • (some) are parasites
  • made up of threads called hyphae
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19
Q

viruses (characteristics)

A
  • NOT cells
  • parasites
  • multiples NOT reproduces
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20
Q

the groups are…

A

fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, crustaceans, myriapods, insects

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21
Q

fish

A
  • lives in water
  • can survive without water for certain duration
  • fins
  • eyes + lateral line
  • gills
  • scales
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22
Q

amphibians

A
  • lives on land, then return to water to breed
  • external fertilisation (eggs)
  • external development (eggs)
  • smooth/moist skin
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23
Q

reptiles

A
  • lives in dry regions
  • fertilises in female body
  • external development (eggs)
  • dry + scaly skin
  • lungs
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24
Q

birds

A
  • internal fertilisation
  • external development (eggs)
  • feathers
  • modified from limbs (wings)
  • beaks
  • homeothermic (warm blooded)
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25
mammals
- internal fertilisation - internal development (womb) -fur/hair - lungs - homeothermic (warm-blooded)
26
crustaceans
- cephalothorax/abdomen - chalky exoskeleton - 2 pairs of antennae + compound eyes - 5-20 pairs of legs - gills
27
myriapods
centipedes : - fast moving - powerful jaws - paralyses prey - one pair of legs on each segment millipedes : - 2 pairs of legs on each segment - slow moving herbivores
28
insects
- 3 parts : head, thorax, abdomen - 3 pairs of legs - 2 pairs of wings - spiracles - one pair of antennae - compound eyes
29
arachnids
- 2 parts : abdomen + cephalothorax - 4 pairs of legs - NO wings/antennae - several pairs of simple eyes - poison fangs - spinnerets (some cases)
30
ferns
- land - strong stems, roots, leaves does NOT produce seeds makes + releases microscopic spores - waxy layer (cuticle)
31
flowering plants
- stems, roots, leaves reproduces flowers (seeds) - shoot (made of stem) - apical bud
32
dicotyledons
- broad leaves + network of branching veins - contains 2 cotyledons
33
monocotyledons
- parallel leaves veins - long & narrow - 1 cotyledon
34
animal cells (structure)
- cell membrane - nucleus - nucleolus - cytoplasm
35
plant cells (structure)
- (cellulose) cell wall - chloroplast - cytoplasm - vacuole - nucleus - nucleolus - cell membrane
36
cell membrane
- forms barrier between the cell + surroundings keeps contents of cell inside - allows simple substances to enter + leave cell - partially permeable
37
nucleus
- controls cell activities in cell - controls how cells develop
38
cytoplasm
- site of chemical reactions -> (aerobic) respiration -> making proteins
39
chloroplast
- plants ONLY! - photosynthesis - stores starch
40
cell wall
- plants ONLY! - stops cell from bursting when they fill with water freely/fully permeable
41
sap vacuole
- full of water - stores ions + sugars
42
mitochondria
- releases energy during aerobic respiration
43
ribosomes
- makes proteins for cells
44
what are the cell organelles?
mitochondria, ribosomes, vesicles
45
mitochondria
- large organelles - eukaryotic cells - seen with electron microscope - double membrane - provides most energy - site of aerobic respiration
46
ribosomes
- small organelles in large numbers - eukaryotic + prokaryotic - synthesises proteins
47
vesicles
- small pieces of RER - travels through cytoplasm, attaches to cell membrane then releases contents outside of cell
48
how to find the actual size :
actual size = image size/magnification
49
how to find the magnification :
magnification = image size/actual size
50
ciliated cells
- found in air passages (lungs) + oviducts
51
root hair cells
- long extensions + large surface area
52
xylem vessels
- cylindrical + hollow - arranged in column like pipes - cell wall thickened with bonds/spirals of cellulose + lignin
53
neurons
- highly specialised cells - thin extensions of cytoplasm wires - transmits info (electrical impulses
54
red blood cells
- contains haemoglobin - flattened disc shape (biconcave) - large surface area
55
palisade mesophyll cells
- numerous chloroplasts in cytoplasm - cell wall made of cellulose - large vacuole - starch grain found in cytoplasm
56
sperm cell
- tail - head - genes of father in nucleus
57
egg cells
- much bigger than sperm cells - contains yolk - genes from mother in nucleus
58
cells
- "building blocks"
59
tissue
- similar cells working together in the same way
60
organ
- group of tissues working together
61
(organ) system
- group of organs working together
62
organism
- all different organ systems in an area
63
how does SURFACE AREA affect diffusion?
- smaller = less time -> larger surface area (opposite = opposite)
64
how does TEMPERATURE affect diffusion?
- higher temperature = faster rate of diffusion (opposite = opposite)
65
how does CONCENTRATION affect diffusion?
- higher concentration = water rate of diffusion (opposite = opposite)
66
diffusion
- net movement of particles from a region of their higher concentration to a region of lower concentration as a result of random movement down a concentration gradient -> passive process (doesn't require energy
67
osmosis
- the diffusion of water from dilute solution into a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

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