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science > biology test #1 > Flashcards

biology test #1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

kingdoms

A
  • animals
  • plants
  • fungi
  • protoctist
  • protoctist
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2
Q

7 characteristics of life

A

Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition

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3
Q

movement

A

causes an organism to change its position or place

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4
Q

respiration

A

involves chemical reactions that release energy in cells

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5
Q

sensitivity

A

being able to detect and respond to internal and external stimuli

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6
Q

growth

A

permanent increase in size and dry mass

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7
Q

reproduction

A

results in the formation of the new individuals

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8
Q

excretion

A

the removal of waste product

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9
Q

nutrition

A

the use of food for energy and growth

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10
Q

what is a genus?

A

group of species which are closely related but do not inbreed with each other

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11
Q

cells of organisms are made of…

A
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • DNA
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12
Q

prokaryotic cells has a nucleus (true or false?)

A

false!

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13
Q

eukaryotic cells has a nucleus (true or false?)

A

true!

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14
Q

plant kingdom (characteristics)

A
  • multicellular organisms
  • roots spread throughout soil to gain water + ions
  • many leaves to absorb light
  • growth occurs in special places such as tips of roots + stems
  • includes mosses/ferns
  • chlorophyll -> photosynthesis
  • cellulose cell wall
  • large sap-filled vacuole
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15
Q

animal kingdom (characteristics)

A
  • multicellular organisms
  • compact bodies
  • growth occurs throughout body
  • does NOT photosynthesise
  • obtain food by eating plants/other animals
  • no cell walls/choloroplasts/large vacuoles
  • nervous system
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16
Q

prokaryote kingdom (characteristics)

A
  • surrounded by cell walls
  • NO nucleus, has instead a loop of DNA within the cytoplasm
  • NO chloroplasts/mitochondria
  • can only be seen with light microscopes
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17
Q

protoctists (characteristics)

A
  • diverse group of organisms that do NOT belong in the four kingdoms
  • cells with nuclei
  • many unicellular
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18
Q

fungi (characteristics)

A
  • reproduces by making spores carried by wind
  • (most) are saprotrophs
  • (some) are parasites
  • made up of threads called hyphae
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19
Q

viruses (characteristics)

A
  • NOT cells
  • parasites
  • multiples NOT reproduces
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20
Q

the groups are…

A

fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, crustaceans, myriapods, insects

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21
Q

fish

A
  • lives in water
  • can survive without water for certain duration
  • fins
  • eyes + lateral line
  • gills
  • scales
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22
Q

amphibians

A
  • lives on land, then return to water to breed
  • external fertilisation (eggs)
  • external development (eggs)
  • smooth/moist skin
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23
Q

reptiles

A
  • lives in dry regions
  • fertilises in female body
  • external development (eggs)
  • dry + scaly skin
  • lungs
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24
Q

birds

A
  • internal fertilisation
  • external development (eggs)
  • feathers
  • modified from limbs (wings)
  • beaks
  • homeothermic (warm blooded)
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25
Q

mammals

A
  • internal fertilisation
  • internal development (womb)
    -fur/hair
  • lungs
  • homeothermic (warm-blooded)
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26
Q

crustaceans

A
  • cephalothorax/abdomen
  • chalky exoskeleton
  • 2 pairs of antennae + compound eyes
  • 5-20 pairs of legs
  • gills
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27
Q

myriapods

A

centipedes :
- fast moving
- powerful jaws
- paralyses prey
- one pair of legs on each segment

millipedes :
- 2 pairs of legs on each segment
- slow moving herbivores

28
Q

insects

A
  • 3 parts : head, thorax, abdomen
  • 3 pairs of legs
  • 2 pairs of wings
  • spiracles
  • one pair of antennae
  • compound eyes
29
Q

arachnids

A
  • 2 parts : abdomen + cephalothorax
  • 4 pairs of legs
  • NO wings/antennae
  • several pairs of simple eyes
  • poison fangs
  • spinnerets (some cases)
30
Q

ferns

A
  • land
  • strong stems, roots, leaves
    does NOT produce seeds
    makes + releases microscopic spores
  • waxy layer (cuticle)
31
Q

flowering plants

A
  • stems, roots, leaves
    reproduces flowers (seeds)
  • shoot (made of stem)
  • apical bud
32
Q

dicotyledons

A
  • broad leaves + network of branching veins
  • contains 2 cotyledons
33
Q

monocotyledons

A
  • parallel leaves veins
  • long & narrow
  • 1 cotyledon
34
Q

animal cells (structure)

A
  • cell membrane
  • nucleus
  • nucleolus
  • cytoplasm
35
Q

plant cells (structure)

A
  • (cellulose) cell wall
  • chloroplast
  • cytoplasm
  • vacuole
  • nucleus
  • nucleolus
  • cell membrane
36
Q

cell membrane

A
  • forms barrier between the cell + surroundings
    keeps contents of cell inside
  • allows simple substances to enter + leave cell
  • partially permeable
37
Q

nucleus

A
  • controls cell activities in cell
  • controls how cells develop
38
Q

cytoplasm

A
  • site of chemical reactions
    -> (aerobic) respiration
    -> making proteins
39
Q

chloroplast

A
  • plants ONLY!
  • photosynthesis
  • stores starch
40
Q

cell wall

A
  • plants ONLY!
  • stops cell from bursting when they fill with water
    freely/fully permeable
41
Q

sap vacuole

A
  • full of water
  • stores ions + sugars
42
Q

mitochondria

A
  • releases energy during aerobic respiration
43
Q

ribosomes

A
  • makes proteins for cells
44
Q

what are the cell organelles?

A

mitochondria, ribosomes, vesicles

45
Q

mitochondria

A
  • large organelles
  • eukaryotic cells
  • seen with electron microscope
  • double membrane
  • provides most energy
  • site of aerobic respiration
46
Q

ribosomes

A
  • small organelles in large numbers
  • eukaryotic + prokaryotic
  • synthesises proteins
47
Q

vesicles

A
  • small pieces of RER
  • travels through cytoplasm, attaches to cell membrane then releases contents outside of cell
48
Q

how to find the actual size :

A

actual size = image size/magnification

49
Q

how to find the magnification :

A

magnification = image size/actual size

50
Q

ciliated cells

A
  • found in air passages (lungs) + oviducts
51
Q

root hair cells

A
  • long extensions + large surface area
52
Q

xylem vessels

A
  • cylindrical + hollow
  • arranged in column like pipes
  • cell wall thickened with bonds/spirals of cellulose + lignin
53
Q

neurons

A
  • highly specialised cells
  • thin extensions of cytoplasm wires
  • transmits info (electrical impulses
54
Q

red blood cells

A
  • contains haemoglobin
  • flattened disc shape (biconcave)
  • large surface area
55
Q

palisade mesophyll cells

A
  • numerous chloroplasts in cytoplasm
  • cell wall made of cellulose
  • large vacuole
  • starch grain found in cytoplasm
56
Q

sperm cell

A
  • tail
  • head
  • genes of father in nucleus
57
Q

egg cells

A
  • much bigger than sperm cells
  • contains yolk
  • genes from mother in nucleus
58
Q

cells

A
  • “building blocks”
59
Q

tissue

A
  • similar cells working together in the same way
60
Q

organ

A
  • group of tissues working together
61
Q

(organ) system

A
  • group of organs working together
62
Q

organism

A
  • all different organ systems in an area
63
Q

how does SURFACE AREA affect diffusion?

A
  • smaller = less time
    -> larger surface area
    (opposite = opposite)
64
Q

how does TEMPERATURE affect diffusion?

A
  • higher temperature = faster rate of diffusion
    (opposite = opposite)
65
Q

how does CONCENTRATION affect diffusion?

A
  • higher concentration = water rate of diffusion
    (opposite = opposite)
66
Q

diffusion

A
  • net movement of particles from a region of their higher concentration to a region of lower concentration as a result of random movement down a concentration gradient

-> passive process (doesn’t require energy

67
Q

osmosis

A
  • the diffusion of water from dilute solution into a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

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