Biology Semester 2

Question 1

Why do the cells in single-celled organisms divide?

Answer 1

To reproduce

Question 2

Why do the cells in multicellular organisms divide?

Answer 2

To grow, to keep the cell small so it can carry out necessary life functions, to repair damaged tissue

Question 3

What’s cell division in bacteria called?

Answer 3

Binary Fission

Question 4

Asexual reproduction

Answer 4

Produced from single parent, genetically identical to parent, common in single celled organisms

Question 5

Sexual Reproduction

Answer 5

Produced from two parents, DNA is a combination of parents

Question 6

Cell Cycle

Answer 6

Life cycle of cell

Question 7

Cell Cycle Stages

Answer 7

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Question 8

Interphase

Answer 8

Stage in which the cell lives

Question 9

G1 Phase

Answer 9

Cell growth

Question 10

S Phase

Answer 10

DNA Replication

Question 11

G2 Phase

Answer 11

Final prep for cell division

Question 12

Prophase

Answer 12

DNA condenses = chromosomes, spindle fibers appear, nuclear membrane + nucleolus disappear

Question 13

Metaphase

Answer 13

Chromosomes align along center of cell - metaphase plate

Question 14

Anaphase

Answer 14

Sister chromatids are separated and pulled towards opposite ends of the cell

Question 15

Telophase

Answer 15

Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear, chromosomes unwind, spindle fibers fall apart

Question 16

Cell Division/Cytokinesis

Answer 16

After the nucleus divides, it’s time for the rest of the cell to divide

Question 17

Mitosis

Answer 17

Cell replicates its chromosomes and then separates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division

Question 18

Results of mitotic cell division

Answer 18

Two identical daughter cells

Question 19

Mitosis stages

Answer 19

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Question 20

How cells control cell cycle

Answer 20

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases

Question 21

Cyclins

Answer 21

Any of a number of proteins associated with the cycle of cell division which are thought to initiate certain processes of mitosis.

Question 22

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

Answer 22

Needing a separate subunit - a cyclin - that provides domains essential for enzymatic activity

Question 23

Cancer

Answer 23

A disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body.

Question 24

Cancer Treatment

Answer 24

Chemotherapy, Surgery and Radiation

Question 25

Benign tumor

Answer 25

Stays in place

Question 26

Malignant tumor

Answer 26

Invades other parts, is cancerous

Question 27

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 27

Two chromosomes in a pair

Question 28

Diploid

Answer 28

2 sets of chromosomes

Question 29

Haploid

Answer 29

1 set of chromosomes

Question 30

Meiotic cell division

Answer 30

Production of 4 cells that a re genetically different from each other

Question 31

Difference between meiosis i and meiosis ii

Answer 31

meiosis I: homologous chromosomes separate, chromosome number in half, crossing over meiosis II: sister chromatids separate, maintaining the haploid chromosome number

Question 32

Meiosis i

Answer 32

Prophase i, metaphase i, anaphase i, telophase i

Question 33

Meiosis ii

Answer 33

Prophase ii, metaphase ii, anaphase ii, telophase ii

Question 34

Crossing over

Answer 34

where genetic material is exchanged between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes, meiosis i

Question 35

Independent Assortment

Answer 35

the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another, meiosis i

Question 36

Prophase i

Answer 36

homologous chromosomes pair up, condense into visible chromosomes, and exchange genetic material through a process called "crossing over"

Question 37

Metaphase i

Answer 37

homologous chromosome pairs line up along the equator of the cell, called the metaphase plate

Question 38

Anaphase i

Answer 38

the homologous chromosomes separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell, while the sister chromatids within each chromosome remain attached

Question 39

Telophase i

Answer 39

homologous chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell, a nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes, cell prepares to undergo cytokinesis

Question 40

Prophase ii

Answer 40

chromosomes condense further, nuclear envelope breaks down, new spindle apparatus forms

Question 41

Metaphase ii

Answer 41

individual chromosomes line up along the center of the cell, with microtubules from opposite poles of the cell attached to the kinetochores of each chromosome

Question 42

Anaphase ii

Answer 42

sister chromatids of each chromosome separate at centromere and are pulled apart by spindle fibers, moving towards opposite poles of the cell, effectively dividing the genetic material into four separate haploid daughter cells

Question 43

Telophase ii

Answer 43

separated sister chromatids reach the poles of the cell, nuclear membranes, the chromosomes begin to decondense