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Year 9 EOY Revision > Biology Revision > Flashcards

Biology Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What is a specimen?

A

The thing you are looking at under a microscope.

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2
Q

Give key points of an animal cell.

A

Most common cell found in humans.
They help with reactions.
Nucleus: Holds the plant DNA
Cell membrane: Lets substances in and out of the cell.
Ribosomes: Makes proteins
Mitochondria: Gives energy for respiration.

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3
Q

Give key points of a plant cell.

A

Plant cells are the only cell that produced its own food.
The vacuole contains nutrients, helping it to survive.
Cell wall holds the cell together.
Chloroplasts absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.

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4
Q

Give key points of s bacterial cell.

A

Much smaller than a plant or animal cell.
Don’t have a nucleus
They have two types of DNA - Chromosomal DNA and Plasmid DNA.
Flagellum helps it to swim.
Amino acids and proteins are made in ribosomes.

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5
Q

Give the differences between a plant and animal cell.

A

Animal cells don’t have a cell wall only a cell membrane.
Plant cells have alarmed vacuole whereas animal cells have a very small one.
Plant cells contain chloroplasts which are used for photosynthesis and contain chlorophyll.

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6
Q

What do plant and animal cells both have?

A 
Cell membrane.
Cytoplasm.
Nucleus.
Mitochondria.
Ribosomes.
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7
Q

Wha is special about a haploid nucleus?

A

It only carries half the cells so when they combine, they make a whole copy of each chromosome.

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8
Q

What is the magnification of a light microscope?

A

Up to x1,500.

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9
Q

What is the magnification on a scanning electron microscope?

A

Up to x100,000

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10
Q

What is the magnification of a transmission electron microscope?

A

Up to x500,000.

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11
Q

What is the formulae for magnification?

A

Magnification= Image size / Real size.

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12
Q

How can millimetre (mm) be represented in standard form?

A

10^-3

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13
Q

How can micrometers (um) be represented in standard form?

A

10^-6

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14
Q

How can nanometers (nm) be represented in standard form?

A

10^-9

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15
Q

How can pick meters (pm) be represented in standard form?

A

10^-12

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16
Q

The actual size of a wood louse is 0.4mm but Robert drew is 5mm long. What is the magnification?

A

5mm/0.4mm =12.5

Magnification = x12.5

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17
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts produced by living things.

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18
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

An enzymes has an active site by which only the right substrate can fit in. A bit like a key and a lock.
The help catalyse the reaction.
For example protease is an enzyme that breaks down proteins as the protein substrate fits in the enzyme’s active site meaning the reaction can be sped up.

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19
Q

What 3 main things affect enzyme activity?

A

Temperature - if it gets too hot, it can break the bonds.
pH - it can change the shape of the active site and denatures the enzyme.
Substrate concentration - the higher the concentration, the quicker the reaction.

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20
Q

What is calorimetry?

A

Calorimetry is the burning of food to see how much energy it contains. It is done with a calorimeter.

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21
Q

How do you calculate how much energy is the food?

A

Energy in food (J) = Mass of water x temperature change (^C) x 4.2

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22
Q

How do you work out the energy per gram of food?

A

Energy per gram of food= energy in food (J) / Mass of food (g)

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23
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the movement of particles from a high concentration area to a low concentration are until evenly distributed.

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24
Q

How will particles behave during diffusion?

A

Particles will move quickest through gas as there is more space between the particles in gas.

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25
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

Difference in concentration.

26
Q

The bigger the concentration gradient, the…

A

…quicker diffusion will happen.

27
Q

What type of process is diffusion?

A

A passive process - no energy is required.

28
Q

What 3 factors affect diffusion?

A

Concentration gradient
Temperature
Distance particles must travel

29
Q

At what point does diffusion stop?

A

When the particles are evenly spread out in a space.

30
Q

What happens if something is blocking diffusion?

A

It won’t happen as it can only happen through a semi-permeable membrane.

31
Q

Give some examples of diffusion.

A

Oxygen diffuses knot red blood cell.
Carbon dioxide diffuses into the lungs.
Carbon dioxide diffuses into chloroplasts in photosynthesis.
Diffusion allows the baby to get food during pregnancy through the placenta.

32
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules from and area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration thought semi-permeable membrane.

33
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of particles across a cell membrane into an area of higher concentration assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

34
Q

Define ‘Ecosystem’

A

The community of organisms in a habitat.

35
Q

Define ‘Environment’

A

The climate and state of a place.

36
Q

Define ‘Evolution’

A

The adaptations of a species to fit certain needs over time.

37
Q

Define ‘habitat’

A

The place where a living organism lives.

38
Q

Define ‘population’

A

The amount of organisms within a certain area.

39
Q

Define ‘adaptation’

A

The change of organisms to fit certain needs.

40
Q

Define ‘abiotic factor’

A

Non-living things that affect an ecosystem.

41
Q

Define ‘biotic factor’

A

Biological things that affect an ecosystem.

42
Q

What is parasitism?

A

Parasitism is a non-mutual relationship between two or more organisms by which one benefits off the other, usually by feeding off the other organism.

43
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Mutualism is a mutual relationship where two organisms both benefit off each other. For example, cleaver fish clean large fishes. This cleans the fish but the cleaners feed off the dead skin.

44
Q

What is organic/free range farming?

A

Organic farming is a method of farming crops and livestock where the farmer chooses not to use artificial fertilisers, pesticides, antibiotics or growth hormones.

45
Q

Why is organic farming good for the livestock?

A

Let free to roam in large pastures and they produce good quality meat.

46
Q

What are the disadvantages of organic farming?

A

Expensive to buy produce.
Takes much longer.
Not in complete control.

47
Q

What is intensive farming?

A

Intensive farming is a form of farming where the main aim is to produce high yields in both crop farming and livestock farming.

48
Q

What are the advantages of intensive farming?

A

Cheap produce to buy.
Not much time involved.
24 hr monitoring to provide control.
High yields

49
Q

What are the disadvantages of intensive farming?

A

Lots of animals confined in small places.
Animals poorly treated.
Chemicals and slurry smell.
Artificial chemicals used.

50
Q

List the stages of eutrophication.

A

Fertiliser is spayed into the soil.
Fertiliser sinks down into underground water supply.
The fertiliser in the lakes causes water algae and plant to grow more.
No sunlight can get in because of overgrown plants.
Plants at the bottom die of no sunlight.
Bacteria is present, water becomes anoxic (not oxygenated).
No oxygen meaning all organisms die.

51
Q

What is food security?

A

Food security is the condition in which all people are sustained with sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets specific dietary needs and prefer noes for an active lifestyle.

52
Q

What are lichen?

A

Lichen are plants that grow in exposed places. They help indicate how polluted the surrounding air is.

53
Q

What do green bushy lichens need?

A

Really clean air.

54
Q

What do leafy lichens survive in?

A

Small amounts of air pollution.

55
Q

What type of sir can crusty lichens survive in?

A

More polluted air.

56
Q

What happens if there are no lichens?

A

The sir is very polluted.

57
Q

What are the indicators of polluted water?

A

Cloudy, smelly with little oxygen levels.

58
Q

What are the indicators of slightly polluted water?

A

Less cloudy, still smelly but more oxygen. More species present.

59
Q

What are the indicators of clean water?

A

Clear not cloudy, high levels of oxygen. Many species of invertebrates like shrimps and mayfly larva.

60
Q

Where’s do hydrophytes grow and give an example?

A 
Grow in or around water.
Pond weeds.
Some need 12 inches of water to grow.
Celery weeds.
Sea rocket.

Year 9 EOY Revision (5 decks)

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