Biology random stuff Flashcards
CORMS
Change
Organism
Repeat
Measure
Same
Test for sugar
Benedicts Reagant (heated) changes from blue green to yellow red
Test for starch
iodine turns blue black purpley
Test for protein
biuret solution changes from blue to pink purple
Test for lipids (fats)
Ethanol and water added and a cloudy emulsification formed on top
Muscle cell specialized adaptations
- contract and relax
- lots of mitochondria (to provide energy to contract)
- can store glycogen which is used in respiration
Nerve cell specialized adaptations
- long axon to allow the electrical impulses to travel long distances
- many dendrites to connect to other cells to recieve impulses
- many mitochondria for more energy to form neurotransmitters
Xylem cell adaptations
- lignin is deposited causing cells to die and become hollow and join together forming a tube
- this allows water and mineral ions to flow through continuously thanks to hydrogen bonding
- transpiration stream created thanks to water evaporating at the leaves
Phloem cell adaptations
- cell walls break down to form a sieve plate allowing substances to move from cell to cell
- (mitochondria in)companion cells provide energy to keep cells alive
- transport sucrose and amino acids between leaves and other bits of plant (translocation)
- food substances can be moved both ways up and down the plant
what are proteins made out of (not amino acids)
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorous.
a solution hypertonic to the cell definition
solution where concentration of sugar of external solution is higher than internal, so water moves out of the cell
a solution hypotonic to the cell definition
solution where concentration of sugar of external solution is lower than internal, so water moves into the cell
mineral ions required for plants
nitrates and magnesium ions
function of nitrates for plants and deficiency
- needed to produce amino acids for proteins
- deficiency causes stunted growth and leaves to go yellow
function of magnesium for plants and deficiency
- needed to produce chlorophyll
- deficiency causes leaves to turn yellow
Vitamin A sources and function in humans
- carrots, green vegetables
- needed for vision (especially in dark) and growth
Vitamin C sources and function in humans
- citrus, broccoli, peppers
- helps to absorb iron
Vitamin D sources and function in humans
- margarine, oily fish
- helps to absorb calcium
Calcium sources, function and deficiency
- milk
- bone and teeth strength
- rickets
Iron sources, function and deficiency
- red meat
- haemoglobin
- anaemia
Water sources and function
- water
- needed for cell reactions to take place
function of the pancreas
secretes carbohydrase, protease and lipase
contents of gastric juice
- pepsin (breaks down proteins)
- hydrochloric acid (makes it acidic to kill bacteria and for pepsin to work)
practical to measure energy in food sample
1) Pour cold water into a boiling tube
2) Record the starting temperature of the water with a thermometer
3) Record the mass of the food sample on a scale
4) Heat the food on a Bunsen burner until it catches fire
5) Put the sample underneath the test tube base to heat the water
6) Record the final temperature once the food stops burning
7) Use specific heat capacity equation to figure out energy content - (Energy transferred (J) = temperature increase (°C) x mass of water (g) x 4.2 (J/g°C)
fermentation equation
glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
properties of arteries
- thick layers of muscle
- elastic fibres so they can stretch to withstand high pressure
properties of veins
- wide lumen so low pressure blood can flow through
- valves so blood flows in right direction
ADH function
to make blood less concentrated by making kidney tubules more permeable to water - causing more concentrated urine and less concentrated blood
ultrafiltration location and substances involved
- out the capillary and into the Bowman’s capsule
- water, salts, glucose and urea
when is glucose reabsorbed, where and how
immediately after ultrafiltration it is reabsorbed in the first convoluted tubule via active transport
what is absorbed in the loop of henle
some salts
where is water reabsorbed
collecting duct
what is urine made of
urea, salts and water
accommodation when looking at a near object
- ciliary muscles contract
- suspensory ligaments slacken
- lens becomes fatter so light is refracted more
accommodation when looking at a far object
- ciliary muscles relax
- suspensory ligaments stretch
- lens becomes thinner so light is refracted less
function of phosphates for plants
required for respiration and root growth
function of potassium for plants
needed for growth of flowers and fruit as it allows enzyme reactions to occur
in a plant vein cross section, which is outside and which is inside (phloem and xylem)
xylem is on the outside and phloem is on the inside
xp
https://www.google.com/search?q=xylem+and+phloem+image&safe=active&rlz=1C1GCEA_enGB972GB972&sxsrf=ALiCzsaF0PozA-m2gARRD4MLYqAsB_TBZQ:1671906144371&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwil0tTe75L8AhV3WqQEHY9aCCAQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1536&bih=746&dpr=1.25#imgrc=PQjPr5fTn9v7rM
