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Science > Biology Quiz: Microscopes & Parts of a Cell > Flashcards

Biology Quiz: Microscopes & Parts of a Cell Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do microscopes do?

A

-Main benefit is resolution, the ability to see fine detail

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2
Q

1595 Zaccharias and Hans Janssen (Holland)

A
  • Produced crude microscope
  • Used a 2-lens system
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3
Q

1609 Galileo (Italy)

A

-Built crude compound microscope

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4
Q

1600’s Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (Holland)

A
  • Built simple single lens microscope
  • 1st to see unicellular motion
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5
Q

1665 Hooke (England)

A
  • built compound microscope
  • First person to use the word “cell” (cork)
  • 3 lens system
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6
Q

1930 Hillier & Prebus (Canada)

A

-Built 1st electron microscope

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7
Q

1940’s

A

-first scanning electron microscope

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8
Q

Compound research microscope (common)

A
  • Image produced by light through specimen
  • 1 eyepiece/ocular (0-4 objective lenses)
  • Transparent specimens used
  • 1000X
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9
Q

Dissecting Microscope [compound microscope]

A
  • 2 oculars/eyepieces
  • 2 light sources
  • To look at solid objects
  • 85X
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10
Q

Pros & Cons of Compound Microscopes

A

Pros:

-images produced in color, 3D, living materials can be used

Cons:

  • low magnifacations
  • poor resolution at high magnifacations
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11
Q

Parts of a microscope

A
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12
Q

Transmitted light

A

Light passes through specimen

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13
Q

Incident Light

A

Light reflects off specimen

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14
Q

Parfocal

A

When microscope is focused on one power, it should still be in focus when swtiched

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15
Q

Inverted Image

A

Upsidedown and backwards (‘e’)

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16
Q

Virtual Image

A

Image is the same as it is

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17
Q

Field of View

A
  • Diameter of what you see
  • Measured in microns (μ)
  • Descreases as magnifacation increases
  • Forumla: known f.o.v/(unknown mag/ known mag)*

*known mag= image ocular x objective for each*

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18
Q

mm to microns

A

1mm x 1000 = 1 micron

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19
Q

Actual Size

A

= field diameter/fit number

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20
Q

Calculate the Scale

A

scale = actual size/ drawing

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21
Q

Magnifacation

A

1.) number of times microscope enlarges specimen

magnifacation= drawing/actual sizw

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22
Q

Electron Microscope

A
  • Uses beam of electrons not lightwaves
  • No colour
  • Able to see great detail
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23
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

A

-Beam of electrons pass through stained tissue imbedded in plastic

Pros:

  • very high mag.
  • high resolution (internal detail seen)

Cons:

  • 2D
  • B&W
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24
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

A
  • scans surface of specimen
  • image produced by electrons reflected off surface onto screen
  • Often coat specimen gold for sharp images

Pros:

  • High magnifacation
  • 3D B&W

Cons:

-specimen has to be dead

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25
Q

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM)

A

-image is very thin section wiht high res.

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26
Q

Contrast

A
  • Essential to see detail
  • Ability to see differences between structures
  • The result of the capacity to absrob light
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27
Q

Fluorescence Microscopy

A
  • used to localize substances in cells
  • substance attatched to molecules then glows in UV light
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28
Q

Parts of a Animal Cell

A
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29
Q

Nucleus

A
  • control centre
  • contains genetic info
  • surrounded by nuclear envelope (has pores so things can exit/enter)
  • Nucleolus: small part that stores robosomal RNA
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30
Q

Cell Membrane (parts of cells)

A
  • Protective barrier
  • selectively semipermable: allows needed materials into the cell & waste materials out
  • fluid NOT rigid
  • maintains equilibrium
  • mosaic of various proteins embedded
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31
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • gel-like substance (mostly water)
  • contains everything between the nucleus membrane & the cell membrane
  • contains nutrients for cellular activities
  • has specialized organelles & cytoskeleton
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32
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • network of fibres extending throughout cytoplasm
  • used for support, motility, & regulation
  • contains microtubes, microfilaments, & intermeditate filaments
  • disassmebles and assembles itself when cell is squished
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33
Q
A
34
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • provides cell with energy
  • “powerhouse”
  • Contain some DNA
  • number of mitochondria in a cell relates to its level of metabolic activity
  • Site for cellular respiration
35
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Site where protein synthesis occurs
  • Takes amino acids> makes proteins
  • free ribosomes are suspended in cytosol
  • bound ribsomes attatched to the outside of the ER or nuclear membrane
36
Q

Golgi Apparatus (alien purse)

A
  • flat disc shaped
  • stores substances from the ER such as proteins
  • produces carbohydrates
37
Q

Lysosomes “suicide sacs” [bowls]

A
  • carries out diogestion
  • conatins strong digestion enzymes
  • fuse with vesicles made by the photocytosis
38
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A
  • extensive network of tubes which connect all parts of cells
  • transport system
  • transports proteins
39
Q

Vacuoles & Vesicles

A
  • storage place for food, water, or wastes
  • surronded by membrane
  • vesicles transport substances
40
Q

Chloroplasts (Spaceships)

A
  • found in plant cells
  • chlorphyll in it prodcues a green colour
  • contains a small amount of DNA & can divide
  • photosynthesis occurs
41
Q

Cell Wall

A
  • only found in plant cells
  • rigid walls for protection and support
  • prevents excessive uptake of water
  • made with celluose
42
Q

Low Power

A

4X

4000μm

43
Q

Medium Power

A

10X

1500 μm

44
Q

High Power

A

40X

400 μm

45
Q

Dissecting vs. Research Microscope

  • Type of Image
  • Type of Light
  • # of Oculars
  • # of Objectives
  • Highest Mag.
  • Type of Specimen
A

Research:

  • Inverted
  • Transmitted
  • 1
  • 3-4
  • 400X
  • transparent

Dissecting:

  • virtual
  • incident
  • 2
  • 1
  • 30X
  • solid
46
Q

Staining

A

Stains attatched to different parts of the cell improving the contrast & therefore the image

47
Q

Drawing Magnification

A

drawing/ estimated size

48
Q

Gene Mapping

A
  • DNA found on the chromosomes within the nucleus of the cell directs the activites of the cell
  • Can also be used to manipulate plant genes to produce plants that are pest and dropught resistant
49
Q

Cell Communication

A
  • Cells are open systems
  • Messenger molecules from one cell travels through the bloodstream & attatches to the specific receptors on the other cells
  • The receptors then change shape and allows

functions to occur

50
Q

Development of Cell Theory

A
  • Cell discovered by Robert Hooke while examining the cork
  • The cell theory proposed by
51
Q

Spontaneuous Generation

A
  • The idea that life can emerge spontaneuously from non-living matter
  • Widely believed in the 19th century
  • Disaproved by Louis Pasteur when he found microrganisms in the air
52
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • Proposed by Schleiden & Schwann
    1. All living things are made of cells
    2. All life functions takes place in cells, making them the smallest unit of life
    3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
53
Q

Pasteur’s Expierment

A

Control: Broth in flasks

Manipulated: The neck of flasks

Responding: Mold

54
Q

Redi’s Expierment

A

Control: Jars of meat

Manipulated: Cover of jars

Responding: Bugs

55
Q

What are the life processes of cells? (7)

A
  1. Intake of nutrients
  2. Movement
  3. Growth
  4. Response to stimulli
  5. Exchange of gases
  6. Waste removal
  7. Reproduction
56
Q
A
57
Q

Rough ER

A
  • Ribosomes attatched to it
  • Protein synthesis
58
Q

Smooth ER

A

–No ribosomes attatched to it

-Asscotiated with fat, oil, steroid production

-

59
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • performs a variety of functions like breaking down fatty acids, detoxifying alcohol
  • products H2O2 is converted into water
60
Q

Cell Parts vs. Town

  • cell membrane
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • lysosomes
  • ribosomes
  • golgi bodies
  • vacuoles
  • ER
  • chloroplasts
  • DNA
  • chromosomes
A

Cell membrane - city limits

Nucleus - City hall

Mitochondria - Power plant

Lysosomes - Garbage Trucks/Recycling

Ribosomes - Bakery, Tailor

Golgi Bodies - oil sands plants

Vacuoles - Mall, Grocery Store

ER - Roads

Chloroplasts - Solar energy plants

DNA - Blueprints

Chromosomes - Rolled up blueprints

61
Q

Chemical Compostion

A
  • water is major compound found in all cells
  • cell structures made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen
  • trace elements, such as zinc, magnesium & iron are found in tiny amounts in solvent
62
Q

Parts of a Plant Cell

A
63
Q

Microscope Part Functions:

ocular lens

arm

coarse focus

fine focus

power switch

base

lamp

diaphragm/condenser

stage

stage clips

body tube

nosepiece/turret

A

Ocular lens- allow observation of specimen & part of the toal mag.

Arm -holds all parts

coarse focus- moves the stage up and down

fine focus- makes subtle adjustments for clear image

power switch- turns lamp on/off

base- bears the weight of microscope

lamp- light source

diaphragm/condenser- adjusts the diameter of an opening to control the amount of light passing through

stage- part which the specimen slide is on

stage clips- clips that hold slide in place

body tube- connects eyepiece to objective lenses

nosepiece/turret- houses the objective lenses

64
Q

Drawing

A
  1. Measure size of specimen in cm
  2. Convert to mm (cmx10=mm)
  3. mm x 1000 = micron
65
Q

What are the 4 major organic compounds?

A

Lipids: fats & oils

Carbohydrates: sugars, starches, & cellulose

Protein: muscle fibers

Nucleic Acids: DNA,genetic material

66
Q

Isolating Cell Organelles

A
  • isolating specfic cell organelles helps researchers study their compostition & function
  • able to do this using cell fractionation
67
Q

Cell Fractionation

A
  1. ) process that uses centrifugation (spinning test tubes at various speeds) to seperate organelles
  2. ) resulting force sperates the cell components by size & denisty
68
Q

Types of Cells: Prokaryotes

A
  • Don’t have nucleus. Have nucleoid
  • very small
  • eg. bacteria
69
Q

Types of Cells: Eukaryotes

A
  • have nucleus
  • larger than prokaryotes
  • eg. plants, animals, fungi
70
Q

Plants vs Animal Cells: Differences

A

Plants: cell walls & chlorofyll - Animals: N/A

Plants: large vacuoles & vesicles - Animals: small vacuoles & vesicles

Animals: contains lysosomes - Plants: N/A

Plants: store energy in the form of starches or oils - Animals: contain glycogen or lipids as fats

Plants: No centrioles - Animals: centrioles for cell division

71
Q

Plants vs Animal Cells: Similarities

A
  • Cell membrane & cytoskeleton made of proteins & lipids
  • DNA made of sugars, nitrogen bases, & phosphates
72
Q

What is cell membrane made up of? (3 major & 2 points)

A
  1. Phospholipid bilayer: a double layer where phospahte ends face out (attracted to water) & lipids face in (repel water)
  2. Protein Channels: found throughout bilayer attatched to outside or inside
  3. Cholesterol packed between phospholipids
    - types of lipids in bilayer determine temperature resistance of cell
    - different types of cells contain different set of proteins
73
Q

What are the 6 basic functions of plasma proteins?

A
  1. transport
  2. enzyme activity (speeds up reactions)
  3. signal transduction (hormones)
  4. cell to cell recognition
  5. intercellular joining
  6. stability & maintenance
74
Q

Different Types of Lipids (2)

A

-Unsaturated (kinked): these fats make the membrane more fluid

> easier to break down

-Saturated (straight): these fats make membrane more viscous

>hard to break down

75
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