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Biology Progress Tasks > Biology PT1 > Flashcards

Biology PT1 Flashcards

Nucleic Acids and Proteins

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1
Q

Transcription

A
  • DNA unwinds and RNA Polymerase attaches to the promoter region.
  • DNA template strand is copied into pre-mRNA via complementary base pairing using RNA polymerase.
  • pre-mRNA undergoes RNA processing. Introns are removed, a 5’ methyl cap and 3’ poly-A tail are added to form mRNA.
  • mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome.
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2
Q

DNA in prokaryote

A

single circular chromosome

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3
Q

DNA in eukaryote

A

linear chromosome

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4
Q

Nucleic acids

A
  • made up of C.H.O.N.P
  • eg. DNA & RNA
  • made up of nucleotides (monomers of NA)
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5
Q

ATP

A

(Adenosine triphosphate)

ATP is the molecule of energy in cells

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6
Q

Nitrogenous bases

A

car in garage = Cytosine + Guanine

apple tree = Adenine + Thymine/(Uracil in RNA)

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7
Q

Pyrimidines

A

CUTe (smaller)
C= cytosine
U= uracil
T= thymine

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8
Q

Purines

A 
Pure Ag (larger)
A=adenine
G=guanine
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9
Q

How many bonds b/w A and T

A

A-T = (T)wo

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10
Q

How many bonds b/w C and G

A

C-G = thr(EE)

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11
Q

Genome

A

all of the DNA in an organism or cell

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12
Q

mRNA (name + function)

A

messenger RNA = transfers genetic code from nucleus to the ribosome

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13
Q

rRNA (name + function)

A

ribosomal RNA = the structural component of ribosomes aswell as proteins

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14
Q

tRNA (name + function)

A

transfer RNA = brings the correct and specific amino acids to the ribosome

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15
Q

What are the three types of RNA

A
  • messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • transfer RNA (tRNA)
  • ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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16
Q

DNA vs RNA …..(3 differences)

A

DNA: RNA:
contains thymine contains uracil
contains deoxyribose contains ribose
double-stranded single-stranded

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17
Q

monomer of protein

A

amino acids

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18
Q

proteome

A

entire set of proteins expressed by an organism at a given time

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19
Q

Proteins

A
  • made up of C.H.O.N and occasionally S
  • eg. actin and myosin
  • made up of amino acids (monomer of P)
20
Q

Draw and label an amino acid

A

H\ |R //O
N - C - C
H/ |H \OH

21
Q

what bond is formed when 2 amino acids are joined

A

peptide bond

22
Q

process of joining amino acids

A

condensation polymerisation

23
Q

Primary structure of a protein

A

sequence of amino acids, joined by peptide bonds

24
Q

primary structure bond/s

A

peptide bonds

25
Q

Secondary structure of a protein

A

the folding of the primary structure into alpha helix, beta-pleated sheets or randomly folded.

26
Q

secondary structure bond/s

A

Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bond
Disulphide bridges

27
Q

Tertiary structure of a protein

A

A 3D structure composed of a folded secondary structure

28
Q

tertiary structure bond/s

A

Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds
Disulphide bridges

29
Q

Quaternary structure of a protein

A

two or more polypeptide chains joined together

30
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

STRUCTURAL
collagen - strength/ in skin, tendons + bones
elastin - stretch/arteries to vaso/c/d in ^ pressure

31
Q

Globular proteins

A

FUNCTIONAL
enzymes - specific + compl. active site to bind w sub
hormones

32
Q

functions of proteins

A

P-protection…antibodies
M-movement…actin/myosin

C-cell recognition...antigens/receptors
H-hormones...insulin
E-enzymes...amylase
S-structure...collagen/elastin/keratin
T-transport...haemoglobin/protein channel
33
Q

nucleus

A

DNA transcribed into mRNA during transcription

34
Q

ribosome

A

translates mRNA code into a polypeptide

35
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

folding and transport of polypeptide into transport vesicles

36
Q

golgi apparatus

A

final modification and packaging of proteins into secretory vesicles

37
Q

secretory vesicles

A

allow protein to leave the cell via exocytosis

38
Q

Order of the PPP

A

Nucleus - Ribosome - Rough ER - Transport vesicle - golgi apparatus - secretory vesicle

39
Q

Promoter region

A

where RNA polymerase attaches

40
Q

operator region

A

where transcriptional factors attach to either repress or activate transcription

41
Q

Translation

A
  • Ribosomes read the mRNA code.
  • tRNA brings the correct and specific amino acids to the ribosome.
  • tRNA anticodons are complementary and specific to mRNA codons.
  • Amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond, in a condensation polymerisation reaction, and a polypeptide is formed.
42
Q

Start instructions

A

the point in a gene after the promoter region, where transcription begins

43
Q

Stop instructions

A

in the form of a transcription terminator, which causes RNA polymerase and transcriptional factors to dissociate, as there mRNA formed from this gene will have no complementary and specific tRNA to attach here

44
Q

Gene regulation

A

the cellular control of the amount and timing of appearance of the functional product of a gene (proteins.)

45
Q

Regulatory genes

A

controls another gene, by coding for a transcriptional factor like a repressor protein

46
Q

Structural genes

A

a gene that codes for a protein that becomes part of the structure or function of an organism. eg. enzyme or protein channel

Biology Progress Tasks (3 decks)

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