Biology Paper 2 Topic 7 – Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis

Question 1

What two hormones control the menstrual cycle

Answer 1

Oestrogen and Progesterone

Question 2

What is menstruation

Answer 2

The breakdown of the uterus lining

Question 3

What day does menstruation start and how long does it usually last

Answer 3

Begins on day 1 of the cycle and usually lasts about 5 days

Question 4

What happens during the second week of menstruation

Answer 4

The lining of the uterus is gradually built up

Question 5

What is ovulation

Answer 5

The release of an egg from an ovary

Question 6

What day does ovulation usually take place

Answer 6

Around day 14

Question 7

What is more likely to take place on days 14 to 16

Answer 7

Fertilisation

Question 8

What happens to the uterus lining if fertilisation occurs

Answer 8

It remains thick so that the embryo can embed in the lining and obtain the nutrients it needs

Question 9

What happens throughout weeks 3 and 4

Answer 9

The lining of the uterus continues to build up

Question 10

What happens if fertilisation does occur

Answer 10

Uterus lining is maintained.

Menstruation does not happen.

Question 11

What are some examples of hormonal contraceptions

Answer 11

Hormone pills, implants or injections

Question 12

How do hormonal contraceptions work and how do they prevent fertilisation

Answer 12

Works by releasing hormones to prevent ovulation and thicken mucus at the cervix, preventing sperm from entering

Question 13

What is contraception

Answer 13

Contraception is the prevention of fertilisation

Question 14

What are the two types of contraception

Answer 14

Hormonal contraception and Barrier methods

Question 15

What are some examples of barrier methods

Answer 15

Male and female condoms.
The diaphragm.
Caps.
Sponges.

Question 16

How do barrier methods prevent fertilisation

Answer 16

By stopping the sperm from reaching the egg

Question 17

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes

Answer 17

The immune system has damaged the person’s insulin-secreting pancreatic cells, so the person does not produce insulin

Question 18

How is type 1 diabetes controlled

Answer 18

They have to inject insulin into the fat just below the skin. They have to work out the right amount of insulin to inject so that the blood glucose concentration is kept within safe limits.

Question 19

What is the cause of type 2 diabetes

Answer 19

The person does produce insulin but their liver and muscle cells have become resistant to it.

Question 20

How is type 2 diabetes controlled

Answer 20

Most people can control their blood glucose concentration by eating foods that contain less sugar, exercising and using medication if needed.

Question 21

Where are hormones produced and how do they reach their target organs

Answer 21

Hormones are produced by endocrine glands and released into the blood. They travel around the body in the blood until they reach their target organs. Each hormone causes its target organ(s) to respond, e.g. by releasing another chemical substance.

Question 22

Difference between hormones and nerves

Answer 22

Both help to respond to changes in the environment and in your body.
Hormones usually have a long-lived effect while nerves have a short-term effect.
Nerve impulses work quickly while hormones take longer to work.

Question 23

When is thyroxine released from the thyroid gland

Answer 23

When the Thyroid gland is stimulated by TSH (released from the pituitary gland).

Question 24

What does thyroxine do

Answer 24

Causes the heart to contract more rapidly and strongly.

Increases the rate proteins and carbohydrates are broken down.

Question 25

When is adrenalin released from the adrenal glands

Answer 25

Frightening or exciting situations.

Question 26

What does adrenalin do

Answer 26

Heart contracts more rapidly and strongly.
Blood vessels to muscles widen, blood vessels to other organs narrow.
Liver converts more glycogen into glucose.

Question 27

When is oestrogen released from the ovaries

Answer 27

Release stimulated by the maturing egg follicles.

Question 28

What does oestrogen do

Answer 28

Causes the uterus lining to thicken.

Question 29

When is progesterone released from the ovaries

Answer 29

Release stimulated by ovulation.

Question 30

What does progesterone do

Answer 30

Maintains the thickness of the uterus lining.

Question 31

When is FSH released from the pituitary gland

Answer 31

Release stimulated by low levels of progesterone.

Question 32

What does FSH do

Answer 32

Stimulates growth and maturation of the egg follicle.

Question 33

When is LH released from the pituitary gland

Answer 33

Release stimulated by high oestrogen levels.

Question 34

What does LH do

Answer 34

Causes ovulation.

Question 35

When is insulin released from the pancreas

Answer 35

High blood glucose levels.

Question 36

What does insulin do

Answer 36

Causes cells in the liver to take in glucose and convert it into glycogen, lowering blood glucose levels.

Question 37

When is glucagon released from the pancreas

Answer 37

Low blood glucose levels.

Question 38

What does glucagon do

Answer 38

Causes cells in the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose, raising blood glucose levels.

Question 39

When is ADH released from the pituitary gland

Answer 39

Low water level in blood.

Question 40

What does ADH do

Answer 40

Increases the permeability of the collecting ducts allowing more water to be reabsorbed by osmosis, back into the blood.