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Biology > Biology Paper 1 Topic 1 – Key Concepts in Biology > Flashcards

Biology Paper 1 Topic 1 – Key Concepts in Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell membrane functions

A
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2
Q

Nucleus functions

A
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3
Q

Cytoplasm functions

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4
Q

Mitochondria functions

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5
Q

Ribosome functions

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6
Q

Chloroplast functions

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7
Q

Cell wall functions

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8
Q

Large central vacuole functions

A
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9
Q

Chromosomal DNA functions

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10
Q

Plasmid DNA functions

A
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11
Q

Flagellum functions

A
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12
Q

How are egg cells specialised

A
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13
Q

How are sperm cells specialised

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14
Q

How are ciliated epithelial cells specialised

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15
Q

How do you calculate magnification

A

magnification = image size/real size

or MRI

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16
Q

Define the term magnification

A

Enlarging the physical appearance/image of something

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17
Q

Define the term resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two points as separate structures

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18
Q

What are the 8 different parts of a microscope

A 
Eyepiece Lens
Objective Lens
Stage
Mirror/Light
Base
Coarse Focussing Wheel
Arm
Fine Focussing Wheel
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19
Q

How do you get from mm (millimetre) to μm (micro-metre)

A

x1000

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20
Q

How do you get from μm (micro-metre) to nm (nanometre)

A

x1000

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21
Q

What happens at the optimum temperature for a enzyme

A

Enzyme is working at its fastest rate

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22
Q

What happens at lower temperatures for an enzyme

A

Molecules move more slowly.

Substrate molecules take longer to fit into and react in the active site.

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23
Q

What happens at higher temperatures for an enzyme

A

Higher temperatures cause active site to change shape => can’t hold substrate as tightly => reaction goes more slowly.
At very high temperatures, the active site breaks up and the enzyme is denatured.

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24
Q

Explain the role of the active site in an enzyme-controlled reaction

A

Active site matches the shape of the substrate molecules and holds them close together so bonds can form between them to make the product.
The product molecule doesn’t fit the active site well so it is released from the enzyme.
Substrate = key. Active site = lock.

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25
Q

What are enzymes

A

Biological catalysts that control reactions in the body.

26
Q

What does it mean when an enzyme is ‘specific’

A

It only works with one substrate

27
Q

What are enzymes affected by

A

Temperature
Substrate concentration
pH

28
Q

How do enzymes work with pH

A

The enzyme works fastest at the optimum pH.

As you go further from the optimum pH, the rate of reaction is slower.

29
Q

Improvements that can be made in pH and enzyme activity core practical

A

Using more accurate measuring apparatus.
Taking the mean of several repeats at each pH to help reduce the effect of random variation.
Taking measurements over a narrower range of pH.

30
Q

Digestion and synthesis between carbohydrates and sugars

A

Carbohydrates are broken down into smaller molecules => Sugar (digestion).
Sugar is synthesised into bigger molecules => Carbohydrates (synthesis).
The enzyme used is AMYLASE.

31
Q

Digestion and synthesis between lipids and fatty acids & glycerol

A

Lipids are broken down into smaller molecules => Fatty acids & glycerol (digestion).
Fatty acids & glycerol are synthesised into bigger molecules => Lipids (synthesis).
The enzyme used is LIPASE.

32
Q

Digestion and synthesis between proteins and amino acids

A

Proteins are broken down into smaller molecules => Amino acids (digestion).
Amino acids are synthesised into bigger molecules => Proteins (synthesis).
The enzyme used is PROTEASE.

33
Q

What does iodine solution test for

A

Starch

34
Q

What does Benedict’s solution test for

A

Reducing sugar

35
Q

What does Biuret Test test for

A

Protein

36
Q

What does ethanol test for

A

Fat

37
Q

What is the colour of iodine solution for negative result and when food is present.

A

Negative result => yellow/orange

Food present => blue/black

38
Q

What is the colour of Benedict’s solution for negative result and when food is present.

A

Negative result => blue
Food present => green-orange-red (depending on how much sugar is present)
^think of traffic lights.

39
Q

What is the colour of Biuret Test for negative result and when food is present.

A

Negative result => pale blue

Food present => pale purple

40
Q

What is the colour of ethanol for negative result and when food is present.

A

Negative result => clear

Food present => cloudy

41
Q

Method of using calorimetry

A
  1. Temperature of water at the start is measured.
  2. Mass of the food sample is measured.
  3. Food is set alight (e.g. in a Bunsen flame), then placed immediately under the tube.
  4. Temperature of water at the end is measured, and the change in temperature is calculated.
42
Q

Why do we need to measure the temperature increase

A

The increase in temperature is related to the energy released from the food

43
Q

What is osmosis

A

Net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane.

44
Q

What is diffusion

A
45
Q

What is active transport

A
46
Q

Stages of mitosis acronym

A

IPMATC

PMAT is the actual stages of mitosis.

47
Q

What happens at Interphase

A

The DNA in chromosomes copies itself ready for mitosis.

48
Q

What happens at Prophase

A

The DNA in chromosomes and their copies condenses to become more visible.
The membrane around the nucleus disappears.

49
Q

What happens at Metaphase

A

Chromosomes and their copies line up in the middle of the cell.

50
Q

What happens at Anaphase

A

Chromosomes and their copies are pulled to different ends of the cell (poles).

51
Q

What happens at Telophase

A

Spindle fibres disappear.

New nuclear membranes form around the chromosomes at each end of the cell.

52
Q

What happens at Cytokinesis

A

The cell membrane pinches in and eventually divides into two daughter cells.

53
Q

What type of cells does mitosis happen in

A

Body cells (any cell except those that produce gametes (sex cells)).

54
Q

How many cells does mitosis divide to make

A

Two genetically identical daughter cells

55
Q

Which cell division produces diploid cells and which produces haploid cells

A

Diploid => Mitosis

Haploid => Meiosis

56
Q

What is mitosis used for

A

Growth.
Repair.
Asexual reproduction.

57
Q

What can cells do after growth (mitosis)

A

Cells can differentiate into specialised cells

58
Q

What are cancer cells (in terms of mitosis)

A

Cancer cells are abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably by mitosis to form a tumour

59
Q

What are examples of specialised animal cells

A 
Red blood cells.
Egg and sperm cells.
Nerve cells.
Bone cells.
Smooth muscle cells.
60
Q

What does differentiation create

A

Differentiation creates specialised cells adapted to carry out a particular function

Biology (9 decks)

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