Biology Paper 2

Question 1

What is Homeostasis?

Answer 1

Keeping the body’s internal conditions stable.

Examples: Body temperature, Blood sugar levels, Water content

Question 2

What is the sequence of the nervous system response to a stimulus?

Answer 2

Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory neuron → Central Nervous System (CNS) → Motor neuron → Effector (muscle/gland) → Response

Question 3

What are Reflexes?

Answer 3

Fast, automatic responses that don’t go through the brain.

Example: pulling your hand away from something hot

Question 4

What are Hormones?

Answer 4

Chemical messengers carried in the blood.

Slower than nerves, but longer-lasting

Question 5

What is the master gland of the endocrine system?

Answer 5

Pituitary gland

Question 6

What does the Thyroid control?

Answer 6

Metabolism

Question 7

What do the Adrenal glands produce?

Answer 7

Adrenaline (fight or flight)

Question 8

What is the function of the Pancreas?

Answer 8

Controls blood sugar

Question 9

What hormones do Ovaries/Testes produce?

Answer 9

Sex hormones

Question 10

What happens when blood sugar is too high?

Answer 10

Pancreas releases insulin

Question 11

What does insulin do?

Answer 11

Stores glucose as glycogen

Question 12

What happens when blood sugar is too low?

Answer 12

Glucagon is released to increase sugar levels

Question 13

What is Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 13

Body can’t make insulin (needs injections)

Question 14

What is Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 14

Body doesn’t respond to insulin (controlled by diet/exercise)

Question 15

What hormones control the Menstrual Cycle?

Answer 15

FSH, LH, Oestrogen, Progesterone

Question 16

What is the purpose of contraception?

Answer 16

Prevents pregnancy

Question 17

What are the types of contraception?

Answer 17

• Hormonal: pill, patch, injection
• Barrier: condoms, diaphragm
• IVF: helps people have babies if they are infertile

Question 18

What is DNA?

Answer 18

Contains instructions for the body

Question 19

Where is DNA found?

Answer 19

In the nucleus, arranged into chromosomes

Question 20

What is a Gene?

Answer 20

A section of DNA that controls a characteristic

Question 21

What is Asexual reproduction?

Answer 21

1 parent, no variation (clones)

Question 22

What is Sexual reproduction?

Answer 22

2 parents, leads to variation

Question 23

What is Meiosis?

Answer 23

Makes sex cells (sperm and egg) and halves the number of chromosomes

Question 24

What are Alleles?

Answer 24

Versions of a gene

Question 25

What does Dominant mean in genetics?

Answer 25

Shows with 1 copy (e.g. brown eyes)

Question 26

What does Recessive mean in genetics?

Answer 26

Needs 2 copies to show (e.g. blue eyes)

Question 27

What is Cystic fibrosis?

Answer 27

Inherited disorder causing thick mucus, affects lungs/digestion (recessive)

Question 28

What is Polydactyly?

Answer 28

Inherited disorder causing extra fingers or toes (dominant)

Question 29

What is Genetic variation?

Answer 29

Inherited variation (e.g. eye colour)

Question 30

What is Environmental variation?

Answer 30

Variation due to surroundings (e.g. tattoos, language)

Question 31

What is Natural Selection?

Answer 31

Organisms with best features survive and reproduce

Question 32

What is Selective Breeding?

Answer 32

Humans pick animals/plants with the best traits to breed

Question 33

What is Genetic Engineering?

Answer 33

Changing the genes of a living thing

Question 34

What is Cloning?

Answer 34

Making a genetically identical copy

Question 35

What is a Habitat?

Answer 35

Where an organism lives

Question 36

What is a Population?

Answer 36

One type of organism

Question 37

What is a Community?

Answer 37

All living things in an area

Question 38

What is an Ecosystem?

Answer 38

Living things + environment

Question 39

What are Abiotic factors?

Answer 39

Non-living factors (e.g. light, temperature, water)

Question 40

What are Biotic factors?

Answer 40

Living factors (e.g. new predators, disease, food availability)

Question 41

What are Structural adaptations?

Answer 41

Body features (e.g. thick fur)

Question 42

What are Behavioural adaptations?

Answer 42

Actions (e.g. migration)

Question 43

What are Functional adaptations?

Answer 43

Inside the body (e.g. slow metabolism)

Question 44

What is the sequence of a Food Chain?

Answer 44

Producer (plant) → Primary consumer → Secondary consumer

Question 45

What happens to energy in food chains?

Answer 45

Energy is lost between levels (through heat, waste)

Question 46

What is the Carbon Cycle?

Answer 46

Plants take in CO₂ during photosynthesis, animals eat plants, respire and release CO₂

Question 47

What is the Water Cycle?

Answer 47

Water evaporates, forms clouds, falls as rain

Question 48

What is Biodiversity?

Answer 48

Variety of different species in an area

Question 49

How does pollution affect ecosystems?

Answer 49

Water: chemicals, waste; Air: smoke, acid rain; Land: pesticides, litter

Question 50

What is Deforestation?

Answer 50

Cutting down trees – reduces biodiversity

Question 51

What causes Global warming?

Answer 51

Caused by CO₂ and methane

Question 52

What are ways to protect Biodiversity?

Answer 52

* Breeding endangered species * Protecting habitats * Recycling more * Less deforestation and pollution